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PL
Pies towarzyszy człowiekowi od wielu tysięcy lat, ale dopiero od niedawna jego zachowanie znalazło się w kręgu badań naukowych. Ten silny związek pomiędzy człowiekiem i psem nie wyeliminował jednak problemowych zachowań u psów. Największym z nich są zachowania agresywne, które w niniejszym opracowaniu podzielono na 8 typów: agresja łowcza, macierzyńska, ze strachu, z bólu, przemieszczona, terytorialna, konkurencyjna i wyuczona. Ważnym sposobem zapobiegania agresji jest poprawnie przeprowadzony proces socjalizacji, który należy zacząć już w okresie największej wrażliwości (3-12 tydzień życia). W jej trakcie szczenięta nabywają umiejętność samokontroli i prawidłowego funkcjonowania w interakcjach z psami i ludźmi. Psy uczą się stosowania sygnałów uspokajających (ang. calming signals), które umożliwiają uniknięcie sytuacji konfliktowych. Sygnały te ułatwiają poprawną komunikację między psami, ale także pomiędzy człowiekiem a psem. Socjalizacja to również oswajanie psa z różnymi bodźcami pochodzącymi ze środowiska zewnętrznego, co zmniejsza ryzyko wystąpienia problemów z zachowaniem. W wychowaniu niekonfliktowego psa bardzo ważne jest także prawidłowe szkolenie. Dobrym sposobem wczesnego wykrywania skłonności do zachowania agresywnego jest wykonywanie testów psychicznych zarówno u szczeniąt jak i dojrzałych psów. W celu obniżenia częstości występowania zachowań agresywnych oraz zapobieganiu rozmnażania się psów szczególnie niebezpiecznych należy stosować zabieg kastracji. Innym sposobem, który stosuje się w sytuacji, kiedy szkolenie nie przynosi skutku w obniżaniu agresji, jest podawanie psu środków farmakologicznych. Należy jednak pamiętać, że psy są przystosowane zarówno anatomicznie jak i biologicznie do zachowań agresywnych i dlatego te zachowania nie powinny być traktowane wyłącznie jako patologiczne, gdyż mają one charakter adaptacyjny, umożliwiający im przetrwanie.
EN
The dog has accompanied man for many thousand years, but it was quite recently when its behavior attracted scientific interest. Intensive relations between man and dog have not eliminated problems with dogs' behavior. The most serious of these is aggressive behavior, eight types of which have been distinguished in the present study: predatory, maternal, fear-induced, pain-induced, redirected, territorial, competitive, and learned. A useful method of counteracting aggression is a correctly conducted socialization process, which has to begin in the period of the greatest sensitivity (3rd-12th week of life). In its course, the puppy learns self-control and correct functioning in the interactions with dogs and humans. Dogs then learn using calming signals, which enable them avoiding conflictual situations. The signals facilitate proper communication between dogs, but also between man and dog. The socialization also consists in making dogs accustomed to various stimuli originating in the external environment, which reduces the risk of the appearance of behavioral problems. Suitable training is very important in educating a good-tempered dog. A useful method of early discovering an inclination for aggressive behavior is carrying out psychological tests in both puppies and mature dogs. To lower the frequency of aggressive behavior and to prevent the reproduction of extremely dangerous dog's castration should be performed. Another method of reducing the level of aggression, used when training does not produce desirable results in this respect, is the application of pharmacological products. However, it should be kept in mind that dogs have both anatomically and biologically developed to exhibit aggressive behavior, and thus such behavior should not be considered only pathological, because it is also of adaptive character, enabling dogs to survive.
EN
In the City of Łódź there are 29 streams and rivers of various sizes, 18 of them named and 11 unnamed, whose total length is 125 km. The aim of the present study was gaining initial knowledge of the abundance and diversity of aquatic macroinvertebrates in water courses in the City of Łódź. Collected aquatic macroinvertebrates were represented by 18 taxons. The highest occurrence was recorded for Dipterans (Chironomidae) (present in all samples), Oligochaeta, Ephemeroptera and Gastropoda. The distribution of macroinvertebrates along the investigated streams varied very much. The Jasień and Łódka Streams turned out least abundant and taxonomically diverse in macroinvertebrates. The opposite were the Bzura and Łagiewniczanka Streams. It confirmed that usually the differences in macroinvertebrate distribution and diversity resulted from pollution of the running waters with domestic and industrial sewage, transforming of certain water courses into sewage-storm canals, regulation including covering of river beds and banks with concrete.
EN
In 2010 in the City of Łódź, Central Poland, electrofishing was carried out at 15 sites in the Dobrzynka, Jasień, Olechówka, Łódka and Jasieniec Streams in the Ner/Odra system. Fourteen fish species were recorded (13 species in the Olechówka and altogether 7 species in the remaining streams), of which six were limnophilic and only two rheophilic. Sunbleak Leucaspius delineatus, gudgeon Gobio gobio and stoneloach Barbatula barbatula constituted 90% of all the fish in samples. Over 100 specimens were caught at each site in the Olechówka Stream, while only 1 -11 specimens were recorded at each of the remaining sites (except one fishless site in the Jasieniec Stream). The fish distribution was determined by water purity strongly connected with the type (combined/separate) of urban sewage system functioning in a given stream basin. The condition of ichthyofauna in 2010 was slightly better than during electrofishing conducted in 2001. The Jasień and Łódka Streams were fishless in 2001 while in 2010 several fish specimens at each site belonging to the total of 3 and 4 species, respectively were recorded. In the Olechówka, in 2010 five new species were caught and the total fish abundance was over 3 times higher than in 2001.
EN
In 2010 in the City of Łódź, Central Poland, electrofishing was carried out at 12 sites in the Miazga, Bzura, Sokołówka and Lagiewniczanka Streams in the Vistula system. Eight fish species were recorded, of which two were alien (giebel Carassius gibelio and topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva) and only two were rheophilic (ide Leuciscus idus and gudgeon Gobio gobio). Roach Rutilus rutilus and three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus constituted 64% of all the fish in samples. Stone loach Barbatula barbatula, usually common in other similar streams, was absent. The fish distribution and abundance was significantly determined by the stream regulation. In the Sokołówka electrofishing was conducted earlier at the same six sites in 2002. Seven species were recorded in both terms; in 2010 ide (coming from stocking) was captured instead of the previously recorded crucian carp Carassius carassius. The total fish abundance was over twice lower than in 2002.
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