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EN
Garlic (Allium sativum) is considered as wonder drug of the medicinal world due to its multifunctional beneficial aspect. Garlic constitutes at least 33 sulphur containing compounds, several enzymes, amino acids, and minerals. Over the past few years, garlic has been utilized as potential feed supplement in order to improve the growth performances and other biochemical properties of broiler chicken. The supplementation of garlic in basal diet has significantly increased the body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of broilers. Previous studies have suggested the pivotal role of garlic as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoter in poultry industries. This review overviews the studies investigated in the recent years for improving the growth performances and other important parameters of poultry.
EN
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) involves 10-15% of all tuberculosis (TB) cases. Recent statistical report showed that EPTB accounts for more than 50% of all cases of TB in HIV-positive patients. In spite of existing anti-tubercular drugs based treatment of EPTB, the ideal regimen and duration of treatment have not yet been established. In general, EPTB is a kind of TB infecting diversified tissues and organs of body other than lungs. In fact, people suffering from TB and co-infected with HIV are prone to develop EPTB much more frequently. The present chapter discusses on the general overviews of EPTB infecting distinct body sites other than lungs. Currently, the treatment of EPTB completely relies on existing anti-tubercular drugs. In addition, significant efforts, particularly close clinical monitoring would be an imperative step towards its therapeutic strategy.
EN
The present study was investigated to determine the competitive interaction between Gram positive (B. subtilis) and Gram negative (P. aeruginosa and E. coli) bacteria in vitro. Bacteria of interest were isolated from soil sample and were identified through morphological and biochemical tests. Bacterial cultures were grown alone and as co- culture in test tubes containing sterile broth. Bacterial growth and their growth inhibition in co- culture tubes were analyzed till 96 h through spectrophotometric assay and colony forming unit (CFU) assay. Spectrophotometric analysis and CFU/mL assay showed that the effect of B. subtilis on P. aeruginosa and E. coli in co- culture tubes was growth inhibitory. This is accompanied by the reduction in absorbance value and CFU/mL of the co-culture tubes. The bactericidal activity of B. subtilis was measured on P. aeruginosa and E. coli using agar well diffusion method. B. subtilis showed zone of inhibition of 8 mm and 6 mm against P. aeruginosa and E. coli, respectively. The antagonistic activity test of B. subtilis favoured the spectrophotometric and colony forming assay results. These results suggest that B. subtilis develop adaptational pathways by extracellular signaling molecules and antibacterial factors in order to compete with bacterial neighbors.
EN
Non-renewable fossil fuels are unable to fulfil today`s requirements of the societies in terms of energy requirements. The increasing demands for energy have emphasized the researchers to search for alternative sources of energy. Among distinct alternative energy resources, bioethanol has attracted an immense attention worldwide. Currently, lignocellulosic biomasses are considered as the largest renewable resources for the production of bioethanol due to its maximum abundance on the earth. Pre-treated lignocellulosic biomasses are converted into bioethanol by both direct microbial conversion and hydrolysis process along with fermentation. Immobilization and nanotechnology have shown effective roles in the improvement of bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomasses. This review focuses on recent developments in bioethanol production from varied lignocellulosic biomasses as cheep feedstock.
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