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1

ROLE OF OLIGOCHITOSANS IN REGULATION OF CELLULAR ACTIVITY AND LOCATION OF PYRUVATE KINASE (PK) ISOENZYME M2 THAT AFFECTS PROLIFERATION OF EHRLICH ASCITES TUMOR CELLS (EAT)

100%

Ignacak J., Wiśniewska-Wrona M., Pałka I., Niekraszewicz A.

Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin and its Derivatives

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2013

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vol. 18

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issue 18

67-76

EN

The pyruvate kinase isoenzyme M2 originating from the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm of tumor cells, with its highest affinity to the 2-phosphoenolpyruvate (2-PEP) and sensitivity to L-cysteine, contributes to an increased generation of energy as ATP, necessary for tumor cell proliferation. In the presence of L-cysteine, the isoenzyme M2 PK demonstrates the activity of histone kinase, transferring the phosphoryl group from 2-PEP to the ε-amine residue of the H1 histone lysine. Oligochitosans induce expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene (iNOS), what results in an increased synthesis of nitric oxide, which reacts with L-cysteine and produces L-S-nitrosocysteine. Lack of L-cysteine contributes to inhibition of kinase activity of the H1 histone, an M2 PK isoenzyme. Decreased phosphorylation of the H1 histone contributes to inhibition of EAT cell proliferation. No effect on proliferation of normal cells that include the PK M1 isoenzyme has been observed in the presence of oligochitosans.

2

ROLE OF OLIGOCHITOSANS IN REGULATION OF CELLULAR ACTIVITY AND LOCATION OF PYRUVATE KINASE (PK) ISOENZYME M2 THAT AFFECTS PROLIFERATION OF EHRLICH ASCITES TUMOR CELLS (EAT)

100%

Ignacak J., Wiśniewska-Wrona M., Pałka I., Niekraszewicz A.

Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin and its Derivatives

|

2013

|

vol. 18

|

issue 18

67-76

EN

The pyruvate kinase isoenzyme M2 originating from the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm of tumor cells, with its highest affinity to the 2-phosphoenolpyruvate (2-PEP) and sensitivity to L-cysteine, contributes to an increased generation of energy as ATP, necessary for tumor cell proliferation. In the presence of L-cysteine, the isoenzyme M2 PK demonstrates the activity of histone kinase, transferring the phosphoryl group from 2-PEP to the ε-amine residue of the H1 histone lysine. Oligochitosans induce expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene (iNOS), what results in an increased synthesis of nitric oxide, which reacts with L-cysteine and produces L-S-nitrosocysteine. Lack of L-cysteine contributes to inhibition of kinase activity of the H1 histone, an M2 PK isoenzyme. Decreased phosphorylation of the H1 histone contributes to inhibition of EAT cell proliferation. No effect on proliferation of normal cells that include the PK M1 isoenzyme has been observed in the presence of oligochitosans.

3

ROLE OF CHITOSAN OLIGOMERS IN REGULATION OF EHRLICH ASCITES TUMOR CELLS PROLIFERATION IN VITRO

88%

Ignacak J., Wiśniewska-Wrona M., Pałka I., Zagajewski J., Niekraszewicz A.

Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin and its Derivatives

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2011

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vol. 16

89 - 98

EN

Preliminary studies of proliferation of Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) cells and normal mammary gland epithelial cells have demonstrated the process to be inhibited by degradation products of microcrystalline chitosan, i.e. oligomers. Inhibition of proliferation has been also accompanied by a decreased activity of the M2 pyruvate kinase (PK) isoenzyme in nucleoplasm, what may indicate the role of this enzyme in regulation of tumor cell proliferation. Determinations of nitrogen oxide in tumor and normal cells point to a higher level of this endogenous effector in normal cells. An increase of nitrogen oxide levels in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells effected by chitosan oligomers may indicate increased nitrosylation, and particularly an increased amount of compounds containing sulfhydryl groups and their participation in regulation of nucleoplasm M2 PK isoenzyme activity. Chitosan oligomers have smaller molecules as compared to microcrystalline chitosan and for this reason appear to be more effective than the latter in acting upon the negatively charged cell membrane surfaces, thus contributing to proliferation inhibition.

4

THE EFFECT OF CHITOSAN ON THE SYNTHESIS OF L-S-NITROSOCYSTEINE THAT PARTICIPATES IN THE REGULATION OF THE M2 PYRUVATE KINASE ISOENZYME ACTIVITY ASSOCIATED WITH EHRLICH ASCITES CELLS PROLIFERATION IN VITRO

88%

Ignacak J., Zagajewski J., Pałka I., Wiśniewska-Wrona M., Niekraszewicz A.

Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin and its Derivatives

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2010

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vol. 15

149 - 158

EN

L-S-nitrosocysteine formation in EAT tumor cells and normal CRL-1636 cells incubated with microcrystalline chitosan was confirmed by RP-HPLC. The metabolite was identified based on UV-VIS spectra. The formation of L-S-nitrosocysteine in EAT tumor cells contributes to decreasing the level of L-cysteine in these cells. L-cysteine as an effector of the bifunctional M2 isoenzyme of pyruvate kinase (PK) initiates its histone kinase activity, which is responsible for histone H1 phosphorylation. A decrease of L-cysteine level in EAT tumor cells contributes to lack of histone H1 phosphorylation by the M2 PK isoenzyme and by the same token to inhibition of EAT cell proliferation.

5

POTENTIAL USE OF CHITOSAN – BASED MATERIALE IN MEDICINE

88%

Kucharska M., Ciechańska D., Niekraszewicz A., Wiśniewska-Wrona M., Kardas I.

Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin and its Derivatives

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2010

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vol. 15

169 - 176

EN

Polysaccharides are macromolecular polymers that manifest ability toward the forming of fibres, film and coatings. Some of their specific properties like biodegradability and biocompatibility make them suitable for medical application. Chitin, chitosan and alginates are basic polymers mostly used in the preparation of medical biomaterials. In the Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres (IBWCh) multidirectional investigations are in full swing concerned with the use medical of polysaccharides and their various useful forms. The research includes amongst: multifunctional dressing materials, implants and other polysaccharide biomaterials.

6

EFFECT OF OLIGOCHITOSANS ON EXPRESSION OF INOS GENE IN EHRLICH ASCITES TUMOUR IN VITRO

76%

Ignacak J., Wiśniewska-Wrona M., Dulińska-Litewka J., Pałka I., Zagajewski J., Niekraszewicz A.

Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin and its Derivatives

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2012

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vol. 17

141 - 148

EN

Oligochitosans obtained through degradation of macromolecules of chitosan with a high degree of deacetylation turned out to be biologically active, contributing to an increase of nitric oxide levels in Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) cells through inducing expression of the isoform of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene. An increase of NO levels in EAT cells in the presence of the investigated oligochitosans might contribute to nitrosylation of L-cysteine – an allosteric effector of the M2 isoenzyme of pyruvate kinase (PK), which switches the PK kinase activity, responsible for ATP synthesis, to the histone kinase activity that may participate in histone H1 phosphorylation. Lack of the histone activity of the PK M2 isoenzyme may contribute to decreased histone H1 phosphorylation and thus inhibit EAT cells proliferation.

7

BIOPOLYMER COMPOSITIONS FOR ECOLOGICAL PROTECTION AND GROWTH STIMULATION OF PLANTS

76%

Niekraszewicz A., Wiśniewska-Wrona M., Kopania E., Orlikowski L., Pospieszny H., Krawczyk K.

Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin and its Derivatives

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2012

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vol. 17

149 - 162

EN

Presented herein are investigations in the preparation of an advanced , human-and environmentfriendly plant protection composition based on selected bioactive biopolymers of the polysaccharide family. In the Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres the biopolymers were prepared and the biological activity of chitosan in the form of salt and gel and of hemicelluloses (galactoglucomannans) and of their compositions was tentatively evaluated by way of plate tests. Estimated was the impact of such preparations upon the stimulation of the germination rate of radish seeds at concentration of 0.1, 0.01 and 0.005% after 72 hours. The efficacy of the preparations was evaluated based on the number of germinated seeds in the green mass of the sprouts and their length in comparison to a reference in water at pH = 7.0. In Research Institute of Horticulture, Skierniewice, Poland the usefulness of selected iopolymer preparations was evaluated as agents to protect decorative plants against some pathogens (on leaves, in soil) such as Phytophtora cryptogea causing decay of shoots and roots. It could be found that the biopolymer compositions applied to the soil provided a much better rooting of chrysanthemum cuttings in a Phytophtora cryptogea - infected soil. The cuttings were growing much faster and the number of infected ones was largely reduced. The usefulness of a number of chitosan formulations was also evaluated for seed pickling. It was found that the formulations exerted a distinctly positive impact upon the germination, growth and health of the seedlings. Laboratory and greenhouse testing was made in the Institute of Plant Protection, Poznań, Poland where the biological activity of some biopolymer compositions was evaluated. A first selection of the biopolymers was done based on an in vitro examination of the impact upon bacteria growth. (Gram negative - Erwinia amylovora and Gram positive Clavibacter ichiganensis ) on agar or agarose plates and upon the generation of necrotic stains on beans and tobacco caused by lucerne mosaic virus and tobacco mosaic virus respectively. It was found that the preparations with original biopolymer concentration had not affected the viruses directly but stimulated the plants’ immunity against the pathogens.

8

UTILIZATION OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS FOR PERIPHERAL NERVE RECONSTRUCTION

64%

Kardas I., Marcol W., Niekraszewicz A., Kucharska M., Ciechańska D., Wawro D., Lewin-Kowalik J., Właszczuk A.

Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin and its Derivatives

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2010

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vol. 15

159 - 168

EN

Peripheral nerve injuries are one of frequent cause of disability. Results of surgical procedures are not still completely satisfactory, though fast development of microsurgical technician improve their efficiency. One of the major problems in surgical treatment of the peripheral nerve injuries is ends coaptation in the case of large loss of nerve tissue. And so finding substitute implants not rejected by the organism for the recipient and providing with the success is necessary of regeneration. Recently, several synthetic nerve guide implants have been introduced and approved for clinical use to replace autologous transplants. This alternative therapy is based on pioneering studies with experimental nerve guides. This paper present a review of published studies involving biodegradable nerve guides.

9

TROMBOGUARD® - FIRST AID WOUND DRESSING

52%

Kucharska M. K., Struszczyk M. H., Niekraszewicz A., Ciechańska D., Witczak E., Tarkowska S., Fortuniak K., Gulbas-Diaz A., Rogaczewska A., Płoszaj I., Pluta A., Gąsiorowski T.

Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin and its Derivatives

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2011

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vol. 16

121 - 130

EN

Recently, the market of medical devices shows serious need for wound dressings for first aid and temporary traumatic wounds. Such a wound dressing should show primarily the hemostatic effect and antibacterial activity allowing protection against infection. Tromboguard® topical wound dressing is a three-layer dressing with active layer. It contains chitosan, sodium alginate/calcium alginate with addition of silver salt. The wound dressing provides protective performance as well as is characterized by the ability to immediately stop bleeding and antibacterial activity allowing protection against infection and occurrence of secondary infection without the need for or with limited participation of antibiotics. Tromboguard® topical wound dressing is a firs aid dressing designed for the uniform services (military and homeland) and rescue.

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ROLE OF OLIGOCHITOSANS IN REGULATION OF CELLULAR ACTIVITY AND LOCATION OF PYRUVATE KINASE (PK) ISOENZYME M2 THAT AFFECTS PROLIFERATION OF EHRLICH ASCITES TUMOR CELLS (EAT)

ROLE OF OLIGOCHITOSANS IN REGULATION OF CELLULAR ACTIVITY AND LOCATION OF PYRUVATE KINASE (PK) ISOENZYME M2 THAT AFFECTS PROLIFERATION OF EHRLICH ASCITES TUMOR CELLS (EAT)

ROLE OF CHITOSAN OLIGOMERS IN REGULATION OF EHRLICH ASCITES TUMOR CELLS PROLIFERATION IN VITRO

THE EFFECT OF CHITOSAN ON THE SYNTHESIS OF L-S-NITROSOCYSTEINE THAT PARTICIPATES IN THE REGULATION OF THE M2 PYRUVATE KINASE ISOENZYME ACTIVITY ASSOCIATED WITH EHRLICH ASCITES CELLS PROLIFERATION IN VITRO

POTENTIAL USE OF CHITOSAN – BASED MATERIALE IN MEDICINE

EFFECT OF OLIGOCHITOSANS ON EXPRESSION OF INOS GENE IN EHRLICH ASCITES TUMOUR IN VITRO

BIOPOLYMER COMPOSITIONS FOR ECOLOGICAL PROTECTION AND GROWTH STIMULATION OF PLANTS

UTILIZATION OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS FOR PERIPHERAL NERVE RECONSTRUCTION

TROMBOGUARD® - FIRST AID WOUND DRESSING