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  1. 3 Kuta E.

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Bielmo - tkanka odżywiająca zarodek I. Bielmo u roślin okrytonasiennych (Angiospermae) jako wynik podwójnego zapłodnienia

100%
Rojek J., Kuta E.
Kosmos
|
2002
|
vol. 51
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issue 1
69-83
EN
Summary A review is given on advances in endosperm research in angiosperms. Endosperm is a very important nutritive tissue for the developing embryo. In sexually reproducing angiosperms endosperm develops as a consequence of double fertilization when one of male gametes is introduced to the central cell of megagametophyte. Of the three types of endosperm: nuclear, cellular and helobial, the nuclear pattern of development is most common and occurs in plants of major economic importance, including the cereals. Recently research is focused on processes and mechanisms involved in endosperm development in species with the nuclear type of endosperm, including monocots (mainly cereals) and dicots (the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana). This model represents a highly conserved mode of nuclear endosperm differentiation with several stages: coenocytic, cellularization, differentiation, maturation and programmed death. In the differentiated endosperm four major cell types have been recognized: starchy endosperm, aleurone cells, transfer cells, and the cells of the embryo-surrounding region. The mechanisms involved in the first two stages of endosperm development are very conserved among all groups of angiosperms; they involve nuclear migration during coenocytic stage and cell wall formation by cytoplasmic phragmoplasts. Also specification of cell fates via positional signaling and genetic basis of endosperm differentiation are reported. Several other topics are presented, such as endosperm cytology, the nature and origin of endosperm dosage system, mutation fie in Arabidopsis that allows endosperm development without fertilization, and endosperm development in vitro after the fusion of an isolated sperm and isolated central cell.
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Bielmo - tkanka odżywiająca zarodek II. Autonomiczny rozwój bielma u roślin okrytonasiennych (Angiospermae)

100%
Kuta E., Rojek J.
Kosmos
|
2002
|
vol. 51
|
issue 1
85-97
EN
Summary In sexually reproducing flowering plants both embryo and endosperm development is initated by fertilization (double fertilization) and in the vast majority of these plants a ratio of 2 maternally derived genomes to 1 paternally derived genom (2m:1p) is essential for endosperm formation and therefore for seed development. However, there is a group of taxa in which reproductive development is fertilization-independent. The occurrence of autonomous endosperm is well-known phenomenom in autonomous apomicts and a very rare one in amphimictic taxa. The development of fertilization-independent endosperm can be induced experimentally with the use of irradiated pollen and also through in vitro culture of unfertilized ovules or ovaries. In this review the problem of genomic imprinting is discussed in the light of autonomous endosperm development without paternal genome involvement. How genomic imprinting can be overcome in the case of autonomous endosperm development in flowering plants?
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Kultury zawiesinowe komórek jako model do badania tolerancji roślin na metale ciężkie

81%
Sychta K., Słomka A., Kuta E.
Kosmos
|
2018
|
vol. 67
|
issue 2
335-346
PL
Zanieczyszczenia gleby metalami ciężkimi mają toksyczne działanie na rośliny, zwierzęta oraz człowieka. Metalofity, rośliny odporne na metale ciężkie, kolonizujące tereny metalonośne, są wykorzystywane do fitoremediacji, czyli oczyszczania gleb z metali ciężkich. Wykorzystanie roślinnych kultur komórkowych do badań nad toksycznością metali i tolerancją komórek na ich działanie jest stosunkowo nową techniką. W pracy zostały przedstawione możliwości wykorzystania roślinnych kultur zawiesinowych w badaniach nad wpływem metali ciężkich na metabolizm komórek oraz metody oszacowania ich toksycznego wpływu. Zaprezentowane zostały techniki otrzymywania kultur zawiesinowych, oceny żywotności komórek, akumulacji metali ciężkich w komórkach. W ocenie toksyczności metali stosuje się także badania nad programowaną śmiercią komórki (PCD), co pozwala oszacować reakcję komórek na ich wysokie stężenia. Zostały przedyskutowane mechanizmy tolerancji komórek na metale ciężkie. Kultury zawiesinowe są dobrym modelem do badań tolerancji na metale, ponieważ pozwalają zbadać ich wpływ na pojedyncze komórki w jednolitych, stałych warunkach.
EN
Soil pollutants exert toxic effects on plants, animals and humans. Metallophytes, plants tolerant to heavy metals colonizing polluted areas, are being used to phytoremediation - cleaning up soil contaminated with heavy metals. The use of plant cells in vitro cultures to study heavy metal toxicity and tolerance is a relatively new approach in research of metal toxicity. In this paper the usefulness of plant suspension cultures to study the impact of heavy metals on cells is presented alongside with the methods of obtaining suspension cultures, evaluation of cell viability, metal accumulation and detection of programmed cell death (PCD). The mechanisms by which cells of plant species tolerant to heavy metals develop resistance to metal toxicity are discussed. Cell suspension cultures appear to be a good model to study tolerance to heavy metals because they allow to estimate metal impact to a single cell in stable uniform conditions.
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