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Total Thyroidectomy in Multinodular Non-Neoplastic Goiter

100%
Cichoń S., Anielski R., Konturek A., Barczyński M., Cichoń W., Orlicki P.
Polish Journal of Surgery
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2007
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vol. 79
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issue 7
482-489
EN
The aim of the study was to describe the experience of the authors in performing total thyroidectomies in patients referred to surgical treatment with the diagnosis of non-neoplastic multinodular goiter.Material and methods. Over a period of 6 years (2000-2005), 4999 surgical procedures were performed in patients diagnosed as having non-neoplastic goiter at our department. Thus, the analysis does not include patients operated on due to carcinoma of the thyroid, diagnosed either pre- or intraoperatively, or individuals with recurrent goiter. Total thyroidectomies were performed in 408 (8.16%) patients. Subtotal thyroidectomies, i.e. a total lobectomy involving one, dominant thyroid lobe and combined with a subtotal resection of the contralateral lobe, were done in 1251 (25.02%) individuals. In patients with lesions involving one thyroid lobe only, the operators performed a total resection of the affected lobe, while leaving the normal, contralateral lobe without any surgical intervention. Such a procedure was performed in 89 (1.78%) individuals. In very few cases, the operation consisted of a subtotal unilateral lobectomy; such a treatment modality was employed in 39 (0.78%) patients. The predominantly performed procedure employed in 3212 (64.1%) patients was subtotal bilateral lobectomy of the thyroid gland. The patients were divided into groups according to the type of surgery performed. The groups were then compared for clinical diagnosis and the prevalence of early and late postoperative complications. The Student-t test was employed to calculate the probability and confidence interval values.Results. Among surgical patients not suspected of thyroid carcinomas, neoplastic lesions were, nevertheless, confirmed by postoperative histopathology in 310 (6.2%) individuals. As shown in the presented data, increased extent of the procedure was associated with thyroid carcinoma, diagnosed only by postoperative histopathology an increased number of complications, among which the most common was hypocalcemia.Conclusions. 1. Total thyroidectomy may be a preferred method for treating bilateral multinodular goiter; when performed by an experienced endocrine surgeon, it is associated with a low percentage of postoperative complications. 2. Total thyroidectomy in bilateral multinodular goiters lead to a decreased number of secondary operations in patients.
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Hypocalcemia After Thyroid Surgery Single-Center Experience Based on 987 Patients Operated on for Various Thyroid Diseases Within One Year

100%
Cichoń W., Konturek A., Anielski R., Barczyński M., Gierada A., Orlicki P., Cichoń S.
Polish Journal of Surgery
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2007
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vol. 79
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issue 7
475-481
EN
The aim of the study was to compare the extent of surgery in removal of thyroid tissue and serum calcium values postoperatively.Material and methods. Between January 1 and December 31, 2005, 987 patients were operated on at our department due to various thyroid disorders. Patients with anaplastic, medullary and high-stage highly-differentiated (TNM>T3, N0, M0) thyroid carcinomas, as well as reoperated individuals, were excluded from the investigation. The patients were divided into three groups, depending on their serum calcium values; thus, the authors distinguished groups with mild (2.0-2.19 mmol/l), moderate (1.8-1.99 mmol/l) and severe hypocalcemia (<1.8 mmol/l). Differences between the groups were assessed by statistical methods (the t-Student's test and the X2 test - the STATISTICA software). The value of p<0.05 was accepted as statistically significant.Results. Of 987 surgical patients, 63 (6.4%) were found to have symptomatic or asymptomatic hypocalcemia. The group included 61 females and two males, their mean age being 50.1±12 years. The intensity of clinical symptoms of hypoparathyroidism was positively correlated with serum calcium values and the said symptoms were most clearly seen in patients classified as belonging to group 3 (Ca<1.8 mmol/l). The most common surgically treated thyroid disease was non-toxic nodular goiter. Hypocalcemia was the most frequent finding in patients operated on due to thyroid carcinoma. In all patients with a mild form of hypocalcemia, the onset of clinical symptoms occurred on postoperative day 2. As it follows from the analysis, there were no statistically significant differences in hypocalcemia prevalence between patients subjected to bilateral exposure of the thyroid lobes and subtotal vs. total thyroidectomy (6 (6.1%) vs 24 (7.1%) patients). On the other hand, a statistically significant difference between the lower prevalence rate of hypocalcemia in unilateral procedures (p<0.001) as compared to bilateral neck explorations (4 (1.4%) vs 59 (8.4%) patients) seems to be logical and physiologically justified. In addition, an element that was found to affect the level of calcium deficit was the number of parathyroid glands identified "in situ". Hence, the prevalence of hypocalcemia increased with a decrease in the number of identified parathyroids (p<0.05). In hypocalcemic patients, hospitalization time ranged from 3 to 11 days, with a mean time of 5.3 days as compared to 3 days in patients without complications. Six months after the surgery and pharmacotherapy, no clinical and biochemical signs of hypocalcemia were noted in the above described group.Conclusions. The risk of hypocalcemia following thyroid surgery is higher in bilateral neck explorations. There are no statistically significant differences in postoperative hypocalcemia between patients subjected to bilateral subtotal vs. total thyroidectomies.
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Total Thyroidectomy in Treatment of Graves' Ophthalmopathy

100%
Konturek A., Barczyński M., Cichoń S., Anielski R., Cichoń W., Jonkisz J., Orlicki P.
Polish Journal of Surgery
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2008
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vol. 80
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issue 9
455-464
EN
The aim of the study. The present report is an attempt at answering the question regarding the ocular status in the course of thyroid ophthalmopathy following surgical treatment. A retrospective analysis included a group of patients presenting with various ophthalmologic symptoms in the course of Graves' disease. The analysis focused on the clinical ophthalmologic status determined based on eye examinations and determinations of the level of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibody (TRAb), as well as on changes in the above parameters in pre and postoperative examinations.Material and methods. Between January 2005 and December 2006, 61 patients were managed surgically for Graves' disease. The group consisted of 53 (86.9%) females and eight (13.1%) males. Their mean age was 45.5±12 years, with the range of 18 to 71 years. Prior to surgery, the mean duration of pharmacotherapy was 27.3 months, with the range of 3-120 months. The severity of the disease was determined using the NOSPECS classification and the resultant ophthalmopathy index according to Donaldson. Ocular symptoms were assessed prior to treatment and subsequently at 3, 6 and 12 months after thyroidectomy. Determinations of TSH, fT4 and antithyroid antibodies TRAb were done in all the patients before and 12 months after surgical treatment. In the present investigations, determinations of the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibody (TRAb) levels were done by radioimmunoassay.Results. All the 61 patients were treated surgically. The following procedures were performed: total thyroidectomies in 35 (57.4%) patients, the so-called Dunhill operations (total lobectomy plus subtotal resection of the contralateral side) in 14 (23%), and subtotal bilateral lobectomies in 12 (19.6%) subjects. Determinations of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibody TRAb levels were done preoperatively in 61 (100%) patients and postoperatively in 54 (88.5%) individuals. In the present series, preoperative TRAb values were significantly elevated (>2 IU/L) in as many as 56 (91.8%) patients. After the surgery, TRAb normalized in 35 (57.4%) patients (<1 IU/L - absent) from 9.14±10.7 to 0.95±0.45 IU/L (p<0.001, test t). The differences are statistically significant. Borderline antibody values (between 1 and 2 IU/l) were noted in 5 (8.1%) patients before and in 18 (29.5%) after the procedure. The ophthalmologic assessment based on the Donaldson ophthalmopathy index, which combines scores awarded while evaluating five classes (soft tissues, degree of exophthalmus, oculomotor muscle status, corneal status, visual acuity) included 54 (88.5%) of 61 patients. The value of the index changed in the entire investigated group, what was manifested in a statistically significant decrease in the ophthalmopathy index from 6.1±2.32 prior to treatment to 3.31±2.09 after the surgery (p<0.001, test t). Deterioration of the general ocular status as confirmed by the initial ophthalmopathy index was confirmed by ophthalmology in five patients. Subjective complaints of deteriorated vision were reported by three patientsConclusions. The use of ultrasonic scalpel in thyroid surgery a reduction of mean operating time, achieving good hemostasis and improved cosmetic results without increased risk of morbidity
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Ultrasonic Scalpel Versus Classic Procedures with Limited Access in Thyroid Gland Surgery

84%
Konturek A., Barczyński M., Cichoń S., Anielski R., Cichoń W., Jamski J., Jonkisz J., Orlicki P.
Polish Journal of Surgery
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2007
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vol. 79
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issue 7
468-474
EN
The aim of the study was to demonstrate the advantages of employing the ultrasonic scalpel in maintaining appropriate intraoperative hemostasis as compared with traditional methods of thyroid vessel ligation and coagulationMaterial and methods. Between December 2003 and May 2006, 2410 patients were managed for various thyroid diseases at the Department of Endocrine Surgery. In the presented group, 179 procedures that employed minimally invasive surgical techniques including 101 operations in which US was used to secure the thyroid vessels (group A) and 78 operations in which the superior thyroid vessels were clipped and subjected to bipolar coagulation without US (group B) were performed. Both groups were similar with respect to gender, age, indications for surgery and mean thyroid volume. Statistical analysis included mean operative time, postoperative blood loss, scar length and cosmetic satisfaction assessed on visual-analogue scale (VAS) at 1 month following surgery.Results. Mean operative time was significantly greater in group B vs A (54.5±14.2 vs 35.4±8.7 min, respectively; t-test; p<0.001). Mean postoperative blood loss was significantly higher in group B vs A (32.8±13.0 vs 12.9±5.7 ml, respectively; t-test; p<0.001). One case of transient paralysis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and two instances of postoperative drop in calcium concentration values below the normal range was observed. The mean scar length at 1 month following surgery was significantly longer in group B vs A (21.5±1.9 vs 15.6±1.4 mm, respectively; t-test; p<0.001). Cosmetic satisfaction was significantly lower in group B vs. A patients (81.9±5.4 vs 88.9±9.7pts, respectively; t-test; p<0.001).Conclusion. The use of an ultrasonic scalpel in thyroid surgery reduces the mean operative time, achieves good hemostasis and improves cosmetic results without increasing the risk of morbidity
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