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1
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Moulds in biodeterioration of technical materials

100%
Gutarowska B.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Biologica et Oecologica
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2014
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vol. 10
27-39
PL
Pleśnie są mikroorganizmami, które odgrywają kluczową rolę w biodeterioracji materiałów technicznych, co wynika z ich cech fizjologicznych i metabolizmu. Materiał techniczny stanowi dla nich albo źródło węgla i energii (drewno, papier, tekstylia, paliwa, skóra) albo jest podłożem do ich wzrostu (cegły, kamień, metal, szkło). Grzyby charakteryzujące się wysoką aktywnością biodeterioracyjną - enzymatyczną i kwasotwórczą należą głównie do Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Cladosporium, Paecilomyces i Chaetomium. Przedstawiciele niektórych rodzajów grzybów (oprócz wymienionych powyżej, również m.in. Stachybotrys, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Epidermophyton, Microsporum, Scopulariopsis, Trichophyton) rosnąc na substancji technicznej oraz wytwarzając alergeny i mykotoksyny stwarzają zagrożenia zdrowotne. Dlatego na podstawie wiedzy na temat warunków rozwoju pleśni i mechanizmów biodeterioracji należy odpowiednio zabezpieczać materiały przed rozwojem grzybów. Istotne jest również poszukiwanie nowych, bezpiecznych dla materiałów technicznych metod dezynfekcji w celu zahamowania rozwoju grzybów. Zastosowanie biocydów w celach ochronnych należy ograniczyć jedynie do materiałów najbardziej narażonych na biodeteriorację (papier, tekstylia, paliwa, farby), mając na uwadze aspekty ochrony środowiska, a także produkcję materiałów biodegradowalnych, zapewniając cykl życia produktu.
EN
Moulds are microorganisms which play the key role in biodeterioration of technical materials which results from their physiological features and metabolism. Technical materials constitute the source of carbon and energy (wood, paper, textiles, fuels, leather) or the surface for fungal growth (bricks, stone, metal, glass). Moulds characterized by a high biodeterioration activity – enzymatic and acidic, belong mainly to the following genera: Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Cladosporium, Paecilomyces and Chaetomium. Members of some taxa (besides the aforementioned also e.g. Stachybotrys, Alternaria, Epidermophyton, Microsporum, Scopulariopsis, Trichophyton) growing on technical substances and producing allergens and mycotoxins cause health hazards. Therefore, basing on the knowledge about conditions for mould development and biodeterioration mechanisms, we should appropriately preserve materials against mould growth. Looking for new disinfection methods safe for technical substances in order to inhibit mould growth is also important. Protective applications of biocides should be limited only to materials most sensitive to biodeterioration (paper, textiles, fuels, paints). On the one hand we should take into consideration environmental protection, on the other production of durable, biodegradable materials ensuring the product life cycle.
2
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Analiza wybranych czynników wirulencji bakterii i drożdży izolowanych ze środowisk pracy w kompostowniach, garbarniach, muzeach

64%
Skóra J., Gutarowska B.
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vol. 17
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issue 3
52-61
EN
Introduction. The aim of the study was to evaluate the production of selected virulence factors by potential pathogenic microorganisms isolated in workplaces. The influence of technical material present at the workplaces on strains virulence was also determined. Material and methods. 11 bacteria and yeast strains isolated from the air (impact method) or surface (RODAC method) in work environments. Identification was performed by API tests and molecular methods. The selected factors were analyzed: production of polysaccharide capsules, proteinase, gelatinase, lipase, coagulase, deoxyribonuclease, enterotoxins and hemolytic abilities. Apart from standard microbiological media, minerals media with addition of cellulose, wet blue leather, compost extract were used. Results. 8 from 11 tested strains produced hemolysis, including 4 bacterial strains (Bacillus cereus two strains, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus) – β-hemolysis. Polysaccharide capsules were detected for yeast Cryptococcus albidus. Bacteria, mainly from the genus Bacillus, produced protease and gelatinase. Moreover, B. cereus strains from composting plants and tanneries produced enterotoxins (NHE and HBL). The presence of leather or compost in the medium can stimulate or inhibit toxin production, depending on the bacteria species and toxin type. S. haemolyticus from the museum produced lipase and deoxyribonuclease. It was found that Corynebacterium lubricantis and Candida parapsilosis did not produce any of the tested virulence factors. Conclusions. In the work environment in composting, tanneries, museums with high frequency (56–100%) there are potentially pathogenic organisms: Bacillus cereus, B. pumilus, B. subtilis, Cryptococcus albidus, Pseudomonas vancouverensis, Staphylococcus heamolyticus able to produce virulence factors (polysaccharide capsules, proteinase, gelatinase, lipase, coagulate, deoxyribonuclease, enterotoxins, haemolysins).
PL
Wstęp. Celem badań była ocena wytwarzania wybranych czynników wirulencji przez mikroorganizmy o potencjale chorobotwórczym, izolowane z miejsc pracy. Określano także wpływ materiału technicznego występującego w miejscu pracy na badane cechy bakterii i drożdży. Materiał i metody. Badano 11 szczepów bakterii i drożdży wyizolowanych z powietrza (metoda zderzeniowa) lub powierzchni (metoda odciskowa) ze środowisk pracy: garbarnia, kompostownia, muzeum. Identyfikację wykonano testami API oraz potwierdzono metodą genetyczną. Analizowano wybrane czynniki: wytwarzanie otoczek polisacharydowych, proteinazy, żelatynazy, lipazy, koagulazy, deoksyrybonukleazy, enterotoksyn, hemolizyn. Zastosowano podłoża standardowo używane w praktyce mikrobiologicznej oraz mineralne z dodatkiem materiału pochodzącego ze środowiska pracy (celuloza, skóra wet blue, wyciąg z kompostu). Wyniki. Wykazano, iż 8 spośród 11 szczepów wykazywało hemolizę, w tym 4 (Bacillus cereus 2 szczepy, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus) hemolizę całkowitą. Otoczki polisacharydowe wykryto u drożdży Cryptococcus albidus. Właściwości proteolityczne oraz zdolność do produkcji żelatynazy wykazały głównie bakterie z rodzaju Bacillus. Ponadto szczepy B. cereus z kompostowni i garbarni wytwarzały enterotoksyny (NHE i HBL). Stwierdzono, iż obecność w pożywce skóry lub kompostu może stymulować lub hamować wytwarzanie toksyn w zależności od gatunku bakterii Bacillus i rodzaju toksyny. S. haemolyticus wyizolowany w muzeum był zdolny do produkcji lipazy i deoksyrybonukleazy. Stwierdzono, iż Corynebacterium lubricantis i Candida parapsilosis nie wytwarzają żadnych z badanych czynników wirulencji. Wnioski. W środowisku pracy kompostowni, garbarni, muzeów z wysoką częstością (56–100%) występują organizmy potencjalnie chorobotwórcze: Bacillus cereus, B. pumilus, B. subtilis, Cryptococcus albidus, Pseudomonas vancouverensis, Staphylococcus heamolyticus zdolne do wytwarzania czynników wirulencji (otoczki polisacharydowej, proteinaz, żelatynaz, lipaz, koagulat, deoksyrybonukleaz, enterotoksyn, hemolizyn).
3
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Influence of the silver nanoparticles on microbial community in different environments

64%
Pietrzak K., Gutarowska B.
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issue 4
721-724
EN
The aim of this study was to assess the influence of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the number and diversity of microbial community in different environments (soil extract, water, sewage), and to determine whether the environment inhibits or accelerates the influence of AgNPs on moulds. AgNPs (45 ppm) present in the environment decreased bacterial (91%) and fungal (33-85%) numbers, and eliminated some strains, e.g., Alternaria alternata and Cryptococcus laurentii. Based on the biomass growth of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum in a medium with AgNPs and the environmental samples, it was noticed that environment can enhance (soil extract) or inhibit (sewage) antifungal activity of AgNPs.
4
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Environmental parameters conditioning microbially induced mineralization under the experimental model conditions

64%
Otlewska A., Gutarowska B.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2016
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vol. 63
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issue 2
343-351
EN
Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation is one of the biomineralization types closely dependent on the parameters of the microenvironment. Minerals are precipitated as a product of environmental and bacterial cell interactions, however, this system has very little control via microorganisms. The aim of research was to determine the influence of abiotic factors (pH, temperature, agitation speed of bacterial culture and calcium ion source) on the mineralization induced by Arthrobacter sulfureus, Bacillus muralis and B. atrophaeus strains under the standard laboratory conditions. Because of the key role of urease in biomineralization, processes occurring in environments with and without the urea were compared. For this purpose, cultivation of bacteria (A. sulfureus, B. muralis and B. atrophaeus) was carried out in B4 liquid medium for 5 days with various environmental parameters (pH 6-9; temperature 25-44°C; speed of agitation 0-180 rpm, different calcium sources). It was noticed that the pH and the speed of agitation clearly affect the amount of the calcium carbonate that formed. Our observations suggest that the highest precipitation rate takes place in alkaline pH between 8-9, with shaking at 180 rpms. Among studied sources of calcium ions (calcium acetate, calcium chloride and calcium nitrate), calcium acetate demonstrated the strongest potential in the biomineralization process. Moreover, work presented here demonstrates that the correlation between cultivation temperature and biomineralization process cannot be clearly evaluated. The morphology and size of calcium carbonate minerals was strain-specific, although affected by the presence of urea in the surrounding solution.
5
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Halophilic microorganisms in deteriorated historic buildings: insights into their characteristics

51%
Adamiak J., Otlewska A., Gutarowska B., Pietrzak A.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2016
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vol. 63
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issue 2
335-341
EN
Historic buildings are constantly being exposed to numerous climatic changes such as damp and rainwater. Water migration into and out of the material's pores can lead to salt precipitation and the so-called efflorescence. The structure of the material may be seriously threatened by salt crystallization. A huge pressure is produced when salt hydrates occupy larger spaces, which leads at the end to cracking, detachment and material loss. Halophilic microorganisms have the ability to adapt to high salinity because of the mechanisms of inorganic salt (KCl or NaCl) accumulation in their cells at concentrations isotonic to the environment, or compatible solutes uptake or synthesis. In this study, we focused our attention on the determination of optimal growth conditions of halophilic microorganisms isolated from historical buildings in terms of salinity, pH and temperature ranges, as well as biochemical properties and antagonistic abilities. Halophilic microorganisms studied in this paper could be categorized as a halotolerant group, as they grow in the absence of NaCl, as well as tolerate higher salt concentrations (Staphylococcus succinus, Virgibacillus halodenitrificans). Halophilic microorganisms have been also observed (Halobacillus styriensis, H. hunanensis, H. naozhouensis, H. litoralis, Marinococcus halophilus and yeast Sterigmatomyces halophilus). With respect to their physiological characteristics, cultivation at a temperature of 25-30°C, pH 6-7, NaCl concentration for halotolerant and halophilic microorganisms, 0-10% and 15-30%, respectively, provides the most convenient conditions. Halophiles described in this study displayed lipolytic, glycolytic and proteolytic activities. Staphylococcus succinus and Marinococcus halophilus showed strong antagonistic potential towards bacteria from the Bacillus genus, while Halobacillus litoralis displayed an inhibiting ability against other halophiles.
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Współczesne metody stosowane w analizie biodeterioracji obiektów zabytkowych

51%
Adamiak J., Otlewska A., Gutarowska B.
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vol. 64
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issue 1
57-69
PL
Interpretacja zjawiska biodeterioracji obiektów muzealnych wymaga podjęcia działań obejmujących identyfikację dominujących gatunków mikroorganizmów oraz ustalenie związku pomiędzy cechami metabolicznymi zidentyfikowanych mikroorganizmów a właściwościami chemicznymi badanych materiałów. Z tego powodu konieczność opracowywania i wdrażania nowych metod badawczych wydaje się nieodzowna. Do precyzyjnego określenia przynależności taksonomicznej drobnoustrojów pochodzących z badanej próby, również tych niehodowalnych w warunkach laboratoryjnych, przyczynił się rozwój metod molekularnych: genetycznego fingerprintingu (m.in. DGGE/TGGE, T-RFLP, SSCP, ARISA, ARDRA), sekwencjonowania rRNA, narzędzi bioinformatycznych, czy metagenomiki. Oznaczenie określonych biomolekuł na powierzchniach zabytkowych, będących następstwem rozwoju drobnoustrojów, oparte jest na stosunkowo młodej dyscyplinie, metabolomice. Całość dopełniają metody analityczne (takie jak np. SEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR), dzięki którym można określić skutki interakcji drobnoustrojów z materiałem zabytkowym oraz mechanizm biodeterioracji. W artykule przedstawiono i scharakteryzowano współczesne techniki pozwalające ocenić zjawisko biodeterioracji materiałów zabytkowych.
EN
Incomplete knowledge of agents responsible for biodeterioration of the museum objects prevents from introducing effective restoration strategies. For proper conservation approaches it is necessary to identify complete microbial consortium inhabiting a given object, as well as, to find connections between products of microbial metabolism and chemical features of the material the object is made of. Therefore, development and application new methods for the study of biodeterioration of historical objects seems to be indispensable. To precisely determine the taxonomic position of microorganisms inhabiting museum objects, the evaluation of different existing molecular techniques is necessary, for instance genetic fingerprinting, ribosomal RNA gene sequencing, bioinformatics or metagenomics. Identification of microbial metabolic products is possible with the help of recently emerged approach, metabolomics. In this paper some current research techniques in use for the evaluation of biodeterioration of historical objects are presented.
7
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Application of molecular techniques for the assessment of microorganism diversity on cultural heritage objects

51%
Otlewska A., Adamiak J., Gutarowska B.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2014
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vol. 61
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issue 2
217-225
EN
As a result of their unpredictable ability to adapt to varying environmental conditions, microorganisms inhabit different types of biological niches on Earth. Owing to the key role of microorganisms in many biogeochemical processes, trends in modern microbiology emphasize the need to know and understand the structure and function of complex microbial communities. This is particularly important if the strategy relates to microbial communities that cause biodeterioration of materials that constitute our cultural heritage. Until recently, the detection and identification of microorganisms inhabiting objects of cultural value was based only on cultivation-dependent methods. In spite of many advantages, these methods provide limited information because they identify only viable organisms capable of growth under standard laboratory conditions. However, in order to carry out proper conservation and renovation, it is necessary to know the complete composition of microbial communities and their activity. This paper presents and characterizes modern techniques such as genetic fingerprinting and clone library construction for the assessment of microbial diversity based on molecular biology. Molecular methods represent a favourable alternative to culture-dependent methods and make it possible to assess the biodiversity of microorganisms inhabiting technical materials and cultural heritage objects.
8
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Influence of silver nanoparticles on metabolism and toxicity of moulds

45%
Pietrzak K., Twarużek M., Czyżowska A., Kosicki R., Gutarowska B.
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issue 4
851-857
EN
The unique antimicrobial features of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are commonly applied in innumerable products. The lack of published studies on the mechanisms of AgNPs action on fungi resulted in identification of the aim of this study, which was: the determination of the influence of AgNPs on the mould cytotoxicity for swine kidney cells (MTT test) and the production of selected mycotoxins, organic acids, extracellular enzymes by moulds. The conducted study had shown that silver nanoparticles can change the metabolism and toxicity of moulds. AgNPs decrease the mycotoxin production of Aspergillus sp. (81-96%) and reduce mould cytotoxicity (50-75%). AgNPs influence the organic acid production of A. niger and P. chrysogenum by decreasing their concentration (especially of the oxalic and citric acid). Also, a change in the extracellular enzyme profile of A. niger and P. chrysogenum was observed, however, the total enzymatic activity was increased.
9
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Impact of a microbial-mineral biopreparation on microbial community and deodorization of manures

39%
Matusiak K., Borowski S., Opaliński S., Bakuła T., Kołacz R., Gutarowska B.
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EN
The aim of this study was to determine the number of bacteria in poultry, cattle and swine manure in order to perform hygienization and deodorization using a microbial-mineral biopreparation. The highest number of bacteria was recorded in laying hens manure (5.1×1010 cfu/g). It was noted that bacteria: coliforms, E. coli, Clostridium, Enterococcus number was reduced (1-2 log) after the biopreparation application. The investigated odorous compound concentrations were reduced with 34-78% efficiency, depending on the type of manure and odorant. All odorous compounds were efficiently reduced only in the case of laying hen manure.
10
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Quaternary ammonium biocides as antimicrobial agents protecting historical wood and brick

33%
Rajkowska K., Koziróg A., Otlewska A., Piotrowska M., Nowicka-Krawczyk P., Brycki B., Kunicka-Styczyńska A., Gutarowska B.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2016
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vol. 63
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issue 1
153-159
EN
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are widely used in disinfection of water, surfaces and instruments as well as in textile, leather and food industries because of their relatively low toxicity, broad antimicrobial spectrum, non-volatility and chemical stability. Due to these advantages, QACs are also used in restoration and can be applied on historical material. The aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of biocides based on quaternary ammonium salts and containing various excipients in the protection of historical materials against microbial growth. The study determined the antimicrobial activity of three biocides against bacteria: Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus equorum, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus muralis, Sporosarcina aquimarina and Rhodococcus fascians, and moulds: Chaetomium globosum, Penicillium citreonigrum, Cladosporium cladosporioides I, Acremonium strictum, Aspergillus fumigatus and Cladosporium cladosporioides II, all isolated from historical wood and brick. Staphylococcus equorum, Bacillus cereus, Sporosarcina aquimarina and Rhodococcus fascians bacteria, and Cladosporium cladosporioides I and Acremonium strictum moulds showed high sensitivity to quaternary ammonium biocides. Historical wood can be effectively disinfected by three applications of biocide A (30% v/v) containing dodecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC), citric acid, propiconazole and propanol. Disinfection of historical brick can be carried out by three applications of 6% v/v solutions of biocide B (based on DDAC and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid - EDTA) or biocide C (containing a non-ionic surfactant, DDAC and EDTA). Effective protection of historical building materials against microbial growth for a period of seven days can be achieved by the application of biocide A (30% v/v) on the wood surface and biocide B (6% v/v) on the brick surface.
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