An effective and, more importantly, reliable measurement of pain has always been a difficult task, mainly due to the availability of only a subjective evaluation of pain. However, an accurate estimation of the sensation is extremely useful in the healing process, and it can determine the effectiveness of treatment. The multitude of different types of pain rating scales found in scientific research inspires reflections on their quality and possible use in the processes of both therapy and research. The aim of this paper is to present one-dimensional pain assessment scales, showing their advantages and disadvantages with respect to criteria such as age, cultural background, pain type, disorder type, and the ease of application and interpretation, as well as to try to select the best one from the scales listed. This paper also aims to present possible modifications of pain rating scales that have appeared in recent years as new measurement tools used in scientific research on the subjective assessment of pain. All articles were found via the EBSCO HOST website. Only English-language literature was taken into consideration; only those articles where it was possible to view their full text were taken into consideration. The individual search tags used were as follows: ‘pain measurement tool’, ‘pain scale’ and ‘NRS scale’. The last criterion was adopted because the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) is the most commonly used scale in research on the method of measuring pain, regardless of pain type, severity, cause, or duration. The literature complied for this paper was published between 1979 and 2013. The articles analysed indicate that each of the pain rating scales listed could be a reliable measurement tool. However, the highest rated and the most commonly used scales are NRS and FPS (Face Pain Scale – pain assessment scale using facial images). It should be emphasized that only the appropriately matched tools for measuring pain intensity, tailored to a research group, shall determine the effectiveness of the research.
Wstęp: Cukrzyca typu II to zaburzenia metaboliczne charakteryzujące się insulinoopornością w połączeniu z upośledzonym wydzielaniem insuliny przez komórki β trzustki. Leczenie farmakologiczne polega w głównej mierze na stosowaniu leków poprawiających wrażliwość komórek na insulinę, wpływających na jej produkcję oraz uzupełnianiu poziomu insuliny. Kluczowe znaczenie ma modyfikacja stylu życia, przede wszystkim stosowanie diety cukrzycowej oraz redukcja nadmiernej masy ciała. Jednym z najważniejszych czynników ryzyka cukrzycy jest niska aktywność ruchowa potencjalnych chorych. Cel pracy: określenie związków wybranych elementów stylu życia, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem aktywności fizycznej na samoocenę stanu zdrowia osób z rozpoznaną cukrzycą typu II. Materiał i metody: zbadano 185 osób - 98 kobiet (53% ogółu) i 87 mężczyzn (47%). Badani byli pacjentami poradni diabetologicznych kilku miast śląskich ze zdiagnozowaną cukrzycą typu 2. W badaniach zastosowano techniki psychometryczne uzupełnione o podstawowe pomiary antropometryczne: wysokości ciała, jego ciężaru, obwodów talii i bioder. Ankieta składała się z metryczki oraz standaryzowanych kwestionariuszy: aktywności fizycznej - HPA oraz jakości życia powiązanej ze zdrowiem SF-36. Do analizy statystycznej wykorzystano: statystyki opisowe - obliczono średnie i odchylenia standardowe, poziom różnic obliczono za pomocą analizy wariancji ANOVA. Zależności obliczono za pomocą korelacji Pearsona. Przyjęty poziom istotności statystycznej: p≤0,05. Wyniki: Odnotowano korelacje wieku i momentu zdiagnozowania choroby. Płeć, wskaźniki BMI, WHR oraz stosowanie diety nie różnicowały poziomu aktywności fizycznej badanych. Wiek badanych kobiet i mężczyzn ujemnie koreluje z fizycznym i psychicznym komponentem zdrowia, zaś samoocena zdrowia słabo koreluje z aktywnością fizyczną. Wnioski: Aktywność fizyczna badanych chorych na cukrzycę typu 2 kształtowała się na niskim poziomie. Deklarowana aktywność fizyczna i stosowanie diety nie wpływały na wielkość wskaźników BMI i WHR. Aktywność fizyczna słabo dodatnio korelowała z samooceną zdrowia.
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Introduction: Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by insulin resistance in combination with impairedinsulin secretion from the beta cells of the pancreas. Pharmacological treatment largely consists of supplementing theinsulin level, the use of medication which improves the sensitivity of cells to insulin and that affects their production. Of essentialimportance is the modification of lifestyle, especially adaptation to a diabetic diet and weight reduction. One of the most important risk factors of diabetes is the low level of physical activity of potential patients. Aim of the study: To determine the relationship of selected elements of lifestyle, in particular, physical activity on the selfassessment of health in patients with type 2 diabetes.Material and methods: 185 people - 98 females (53% of the total) and 87 males (47%) were examined: these being patients with diagnosed type 2 diabetes of a diabetic clinic from several Silesian cities. In this study, psychometric techniques supplemented by basic anthropometry with the measurement of body height, body weight and the circumferences of the waist and hips were used. The survey consisted of metrics and standardized questionnaires: physical activity - HPA, quality of life related with health - SF-36. For statistical analyses used were: descriptive statistics - mean and standard deviation, differences level calculated by analyses of variance (ANOVA). Dependencies using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The adopted level of statistical significance was: p≤0.05.Results: The correlation between the time of diabetes diagnosis and age were statistically significant. There were no gender, use of diet, BMI and WHR statistical significant differences between the patients who adhered to the dietary recommendations in practice, and those patients who neglected this type of therapy. Differences between physical activity with regard to gender, BMI and WHR index were no found. Both in females and males, age negatively correlated with physical and mental components of health, while self-assessment of health indifferently correlates with physical activity.Conclusions: Physical activity in patients with type 2 diabetes was at a low-level. Declared physical activity and diet had no impact on the BMI and WHR index. Physical activity positively correlated with the self-assessment of health.
Background: Research of health determinants confirmed its beneficial relationships with the optimum level of physical activity at any age. The problem is the physical passivity of societies. In the elderly, this problem is of particular importance, which is conditioned by both biological factors and social. This justifies the diagnosis of relationships: the barrier activity - activity - well-being. Material/Methods: 393peoplewere tested:216women and 177men aged65 -85 years. A questionnaire with closed questions was used as a tool in the research. Physical activity was examined using selected questions of Baecke questionnaire, barriers to physical activity using a scale KCS, and self-assessment of health - by using the SF-36. Results: Correlation analysis of age and the activity showed a low relationship for the women and no relationship for the men. There were no differences in activity due to sex, either due to the occurrence of chronic diseases. There is a weak correlation between age and kinesiophobia among women, no relationship was found in the group of men. Prevalence of chronic diseases differentiated the level of kinesiophobia only in women. Analysis of health self-assessment showed a relatively well-being in the test - the average PC and MC were above 50 points. Conclusions: Women represent a lower level of physical activity than men, but at an older age, these differences are no longer statistically significant. However, the level of activity barriers is still higher. Aging is a process which varies greatly individually, and this applies to activity, its barriers, and self-assessment of health. Age is not a category that fully explains the complex issues depending on the variables examined.
Background: Man is exposed to falls performing daily activities, their effects turn out to be more severe especially in the later decades of life. After 60 years, it appears to be a larger number of fractures resulting in the limitation of physical fitness, health complications and life threatening. Therefore, prevention efforts conducted in the form of an in-depth analysis of the falls’ causes which already happened, control of health and proper treatment, conducting systematic, interesting and varied physical activities - in conjunction with education and mental change in a determined way they can and should reduce the risk of falls of the elderly.
One of the most important factors of successful ageing is a sufficient level of motor independence, which is strongly associated with an appropriate level of activity. It was decided to determine the relationship between barriers to physical activity and physical activity and health self-assessment in healthy and chronically ill men, among 206 men aged 65–83 years. A relationship was found between kinesiophobia, physical activity and self-assessment of health, and the differences between health self-assessment in the healthy and chronically ill. No differences were found regarding activity. Important factors affecting the health of older men are selfawareness of being chronically sick, BMI and level of physical activity. A relationship exists between kinesiophobia, physical activity and self-assessment of health. The awareness of being chronically sick, BMI and level of physical activity are the most significant factors affecting the health self-assessment of older men.
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