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1
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The levels of engagement in sport activity by partners and athletes in the teams of unified football during Special Olympics

100%
Dangel K., Skowroński W.
Advances in Rehabilitation
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2011
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vol. 25
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issue 4
63-69
EN
Introduction: Unified Sports are the official programme of Special Olympics, which brings together people with intellectual disabilities (athletes) with their peers with no such disabilities (partners) in teams, in trainings and during competitions. The aim: The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the level of engagement in sport activity by partners and athletes in the teams of unified football programme during Special Olympics. Materials and methods: 206 participants - 113 athletes and 93 partners - from the teams of unified football programme took part in the research in Poland. The average age among the athletes was 15.5, and among the partners 15.7. The results obtained are just a fraction of deeper, international research done with the use of a questionnaire by the University of Ulster in 2009-2010. Results: All the people surveyed like taking part in both trainings and competitions. Around 70% like both of them a lot, 30% enjoy them a bit. In accordance with the answer to the question “How often did you try to do your best in a competition?” one can assume that all the people in the group were highly engaged in the game - 54% all the time, 46% sometimes. All the people questioned claim that their team is competitive - 51% believe it to be very competitive, 48% quite competitive. The partners believed that trainings were more challenging for the athletes than for them. Substantially more partners state that the athletes were doing their best in a competition when compared with the opinion of the athletes themselves. Conclusions: The results prove that the aims of the programme for Unified Sports are realized properly. The fact that all the participants find pleasure in doing sports and that they positively assess the competitiveness of their team explains why all of them are so engaged in sports activity. It means that the programme is really valuable and can develop in a positive way. Research on the motives of taking part in Unified Sports and relations between athletes and partners should, therefore, be continued.
2
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The influence of training loads on the sports results of athletes with visual impairments in the 800 and 1500 m races

81%
Bednarczuk G., Rutkowska I., Skowroński W.
Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism
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2013
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vol. 20
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issue 4
259-263
EN
Introduction. The increased level in competition and growing interest in sports for the disabled means that the training process of these people is the subject of studies and analysis. The main objective of this study was to identify the structure of the training loads in athletes with visual impairments in the 800 and 1500 m runs, in relation to sports performance. Material and methods. Seven annual trainings cycles of two groups (A, n=8, B, n=5) of athletes with visual impairments (medalists and participants of the Paralympic Games, World Championships, European Championships and multiple Polish masters), engaged in the 800 and 1500 m races, from the years 1998-2000 and 2003-2008 were evaluated. To analyze and evaluate the training loads, based on training logs two methods were used: Method I - based on an analysis of training documentation developed in the Department of Theory of Sport at the University of Physical Education in Warsaw. Method II - based on an assessment of the energy cost incurred for the implementation of training. Results. The analysis showed significant differences in the training process of the athletes of the two groups. The training of athletes from group A, was carried out mainly with the directed training method (61% of total load - TL) with low intensity - range 1 on a 5 point scale (74% TL), while group B - with special training method (76% TL) in second (2) range of intensity (71% TL). Conclusions. Training carried out by athletes from group B better reflects the specifications of middle distance runs, in comparison with group A, which could lead to a higher level of performance presented by the athletes of group B.
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Klasyfikacja zawodników w lekkoatletycznych konkurencjach biegowych w świetle wyników uzyskanych na Igrzyskach Paraolimpijskich w latach 2000 – 2012 / Classification of athletes in athletics track events in terms of results obtained during Paralympics Games in years 2000 – 2012

81%
Bednarczuk G., Przepióra W., Rutkowska I., Skowroński W.
Advances in Rehabilitation
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2014
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vol. 28
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issue 4
51-58
EN
Introduction: Issues related to the classification in sport of people with disabilities is one of the major area of research in this field. Looking to objective criteria for assessing functional capabilities of the players, in order to allow them a fair competition, where impact on the achieved result is performance, and not the type and degree of disability. Material and methods: Analysis of the sports results obtained at the Paralympic Games (PG) in the years 2000-2012 was aimed to assess the classification system in Track & Field (TF). Material were sports results, based on official reports, obtained by athletes with locomotor disability (LD) in the track events during PG in the years 2000-2012. To determine the difference in results between starting classes the U Mann - Whitney test was used. Statistical significance was set at p <0.05. Results: The largest difference in the results obtained by the athletes (men) with similar functional capabilities was observed among competing on the wheelchair. No statistically significant differences between the results of the runners competing in the standing position was observed in T38 and T44 classes in 400m, throughout the entire period. A similar level of the results observed in women from T53 and T54 class practicing athletics sprint events. Conclusions: The specificity of the discipline that is the TF (a large number of events with various type of effort) can cause problems in the evaluation of the classification system, which doesn’t take into account the event in which athletes compete.
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Zmienność wyników sportowych w pływaniu mężczyzn z niepełnosprawnością narządu ruchu na Igrzyskach Paraolimpijskich w latach 2000 – 2012/ Variability of sports results in men’s with locomotor disabilities swimming during the Paralympic Games in the years 2000 – 2012

81%
Bednarczuk G., Rutkowska I., Skowroński W.
Advances in Rehabilitation
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2015
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vol. 29
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issue 1
45-53
EN
Introduction: Swimming is one of the most popular sports practiced by people with disabilities, and the number of participants during the subsequent Paralympic Games (PG) increases. One way to assess the level of sports in a given discipline is to analyze the sports results of the athletes competing at the highest level. Hence, the purpose of analysis was to compare the results obtained by the athletes with locomotor disability in swimming in the starting class (1-10) on the PG in the years 2000-2012. Material and methods: Were analyzed the results obtained by men with locomotor disability in swimming all styles, on all distances during the PG in 2000-2012. To assess the significance of differences between the results obtained by the swimmers in the analyzed period the Mann-Whitney U test were used. The level of significance was set at p <0.05. Results: We observed statistically significant differences in the level (increase) of obtained results in all classes and styles, on distances played during the next PG. Throughout the 8 and 12 years, almost all differences were statistically significant. This direction of change was most evident in case of athletes from higher start classes (6-10). Conclusions: The results indicate a steady increase in the sports results of men with locomotor disability in swimming. It could be caused by much interest in this form of activity among people with disabilities, especially those with less functional deficit. Attention should be paid to increasing the share of the athletes from low-start classes (1-5).
5
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Aktywność fizyczna osób z problemami onkologicznymi, uczestników Międzynarodowej Onko-Olimpiady Warszawa 2014

71%
Skowroński W., Rak J., Molik B., Rutkowska I., Bednarczuk G.
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2017
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vol. 31
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issue 1
17-26
EN
Introduction This study sought to identify and analyse the ranges, determinants and differences in physical activity levels of athletes with cancer. Material and methods The analysis included questionnaire responses provided by 169 out of 210 participants of the Onco-Olympics (80 out of 92 girls and 89 out of 118 boys). The mean age was 13.05 years for girls and 13.08 years for boys. The study group consisted of the following participants: 62 girls and 69 boys from Poland, 6 girls and 4 boys from Lithuania, 4 girls and 8 boys from Romania and 8 girls and 8 boys from Ukraine. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used in the study. Results Girls demonstrated lower levels of vigorous (3.56 days per week, 88 minutes per day) and moderate (3.61 days per week, 96.5 minutes per day) physical activity than boys (3.91 days per week, 99.35 minutes per day, and 4.20 days per week, 103.7 minutes per day, respectively). Walking time per week was 16.18 hours for girls and 15.91 hours for boys, while sitting time per week was 5.17 hours for girls and 5.57 hours for boys. Athletes with neuroblastoma and bone cancer displayed the highest levels of vigorous and moderate physical activity, while its lower levels were found in athletes with leukemia, lymphoma and solid tumors. Physical activity levels differed depending on the type of cancer. Conclusions Physical activity of Polish athletes with cancer does not depend on their sex, age in the examined range, body mass, body height or the BMI but it depends on the type of cancer. Drawing on the example of the group of athletes under investigation, it is reasonable to assume that recommended physical activity levels (expressed in MET – minutes per week) ought to be different for persons with different types of oncological diseases.
PL
Wstęp Celem było rozpoznanie i analiza zakresów, uwarunkowań i zróżnicowania aktywności fizycznej wśród sportowców z problemami onkologicznymi. Materiał i metody Analizie poddano odpowiedzi na pytania ankiety uzyskane od 169 osób na 210 uczestników igrzysk Onko-Olimpiady (80 dziewcząt i 89 na 118 chłopców). Średnia wieku dziewcząt wynosiła 13,05 lat, a chłopców 13,08 lat. Reprezentowali Polskę (62 dziewcząt i 69 chłopców), Litwę (6 dziewcząt i 4 chłopców), Rumunię (4 dziewczęta i 8 chłopców), Ukrainę (8 dziewcząt i 8 chłopców). Zastosowano międzynarodowy kwestionariusz aktywności fizycznej (IPAQ). Wyniki Dziewczęta wykazały mniejszą intensywną (3,56 dnia/tyg. po 88 min/dzień) i umiarkowaną (3,61 dnia/tyg. po 96,5 min/dzień) aktywność fizyczną niż chłopcy (intensywna – 3,91 dnia/tyg. po 99,35 min/dzień., umiarkowana – 4,20 dnia/tyg. po 103,7 min/dzień). Czas chodzenia w tygodniu (dziewczęta – 16,18 godz., chłopcy – 15,91 godz.) i siedzenia (dziewczęta – 5,17 godz., chłopcy – 5,57 godz.). Wśród sportowców największą intensywną i umiarkowaną aktywność fizyczną wykazały osoby z nerwiakiem zarodkowym i nowotworem kości, a mniejszą osoby z białaczką, chłoniakiem i guzami litymi. Istniało zróżnicowanie aktywności fizycznej ze względu na rodzaj choroby nowotworowej. Wnioski Aktywność fizyczna sportowców z problemami onkologicznymi w Polsce nie zależy od płci, wieku w badanym jego zakresie, masy, wysokości ciała a także wskaźnika BMI, a zależy od rodzaju choroby nowotworowej. Istnieją przesłanki na przykładzie badanej grupy sportowców do różnicowania zalecanej aktywności fizycznej wyrażonej w MET-min./tyg. dla osób z różnymi rodzajami chorób onkologicznych.
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Evaluation of functional fitness’ participants of the Universities of the Third Age University of Physical Education in Warsaw

61%
Rutkowska I., Marszałek J., Piotrowska J., Morgulec-Adamowicz N., Skowroński W., Rekowski W., Kozdroń E.
Advances in Rehabilitation
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2011
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vol. 25
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issue 4
27-33
EN
Introduction: The assessment of functional fitness of older people, who took part in different forms of activities e.g. in programs which are offered by UTW, together with the information about the fitness level, can have a great importance in optimization of motor activation of older people. The aim of this study is to evaluate the changes in the level of functional fitness and basic parameters of the anthropometric parameters of older women after 16-weeks activity program offered by University of the Third Age (UTW) at the Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw. Material and methods: Ten women at the age of 72,0±5,40 who attended UTW 1,7±0,48 years took part in the study. Women participated in the activities 2-3 a week, and the major activities were Nordic Walking and gymnastics. Moreover they had a chance to attend Tai Chi, swimming and dancing classes. The Fullerton Functional Fitness Test was used to assess women’s functional fitness. Test was done twice - during the second week and at the end of first semester. Results were evaluated with the usage of norms described for particular test trials and age groups (Jones and Rikli 2002). Measurements and evaluation of basic anthropometric parameters were done as well as Body Mass Index was calculated. Results: At the end of the cycle of activities, it turned out that women achieved better results during the fitness tests than they had after the first test. During evaluation with the usage of norms of Fullerton Fitness Test good level of aerobic endurance, strength and coordination of tested women was noted, however the flexibility test results gave evidence of negligence in this area. It was also discovered that participation in the cycle of physical activities might have been one of the elements that caused positive, considering health, changes in anthropometric parameters of tested women. Reducing of the body mass and the percentage of the fat tissue and regular physical activity had an influence on lean body mass increase. onclusions: Physical activities done by UTW participants during the program, where the major activities were Nordic Walking and gymnastics, had the influence on improvement of their fitness and positive changes in their anthropometric parameters.
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