Since World War II, sport involving people with disabilities has gradually evolved in Poland, and people with intellectual disabilities had not participated in any sporting events until the end of the 1960s. They were treated as second-class citizens having no rights that they should be entitled to. The reason behind this was the State’s policy towards sport, where high-performance sport, especially Olympic sport, played a vital role that was supposed to testify to the high level of civilisation in communist Poland. People with disabilities were regarded as a shameful problem and were practically kept hidden away. They, therefore, did not participate in social life, including athletic activities. The first competition held in Poland under the name of the Special Olympics was not organised until 1969 in Poznań. On May 26, 1973, the first national sporting event for mentally retarded children (as they were referred to at the time) was called Spartakiad and was held in Warsaw. That was around that time that the sports movement in Poland began to draw on American practices, and in the 1980s it adopted the form of the Special Olympics, both in terms of organisation and sporting activities. This period was marked by active cooperation with the USA and other countries, where Polish athletes with intellectual disabilities began to compete in international competitions.
Changes in agoalkeeper’s technique, his physical and mental preparation are ongoing, forced by the increasing power of the throw, speed of the game, improved players’ throwing capability; throws with rotation and other technical innovations involved in this element.The goalkeeper’s tasks are not only limited to defending the goal. He participates in launching aquick attack or quickly resuming play after conceding agoal.Goalkeeper training should be varied in order to mobilize the body’s full energy potential and shape the elements of the technique. The goalkeeper should be intelligent, courageous, endowed with the excellent physical condition and above all physically fit.
A novel multipath NMES (m-NMES) device has shown improved outcomes relative to conventional NMES (c-NMES) during recent basic and training studies. However, the mechanisms by which m-NMES outperformed c-NMES remain unclear. This study aimed to better understand these mechanisms by comparing the effects of m-NMES and c-NMES on maximum comfortable stimulus intensity and the subsequent NMES-induced torque, as these variables ultimately impact NMES training intensity; which is considered to be the primary determinant of NMES effectiveness. We measured maximum comfortable stimulus intensity and the subsequent NMES-induced torque while participants performed NMES-induced contractions under two conditions (m-NMES and c-NMES). Maximum comfortable stimulus intensity was significantly greater under the m-NMES condition, but the subsequent NMES-induced torque was not significantly different across conditions. m-NMES does not appear to influence the outcomes in a clinically meaningful manner, since it performed similarly to c-NMES with respect to peak NMES-induced torque.
Anticipating the inevitable shift of coach education and Coach Certification Programs (CCP) to distance-learning platforms in the imminent future, I have attempted to identify obstacles that we are likely to face. After explaining the rationale and the potential benefits of such courses, I have identified technique as the most difficult component to both teach and evaluate. A specific viewpoint regarding technique is briefly discussed and several related guidelines are provided to assist in both teaching (coach education) and evaluating technique (CCP) within the context of distance education.
The ownership of meteorites is not directly regulated by the Polish law. The legislator did not sufficiently dealt with this issue, although in the case of finding a meteorite formed unregulated problem. In addition, the environment uses a large number of collectors and meteorite hunters, who can not unambiguously clarify the legal situation in which they move. In such a situation at the beginning there is a lot of questions and above all who is the owner found a meteorite, or you can without permission or a license to search for and extract meteorites, what about selling the found specimen? In order to answer the questions posed above should give you some rules that will introduce ambiguity related to this issue. This brief characterization of the issues I will show, with the vast problems we face and will answer questions.
The actual state of the Polish meteoritics history elaboration is presented. All gathered information about the polish meteorite history of sciences, could be imprinted on the memory by form of the data base. It will be also a helpful tool to study history of investigation of meteorites.
Rising life expectancy of the populations living in highly developed countries has been observed over recent decades. The number of people worldwide above the age of 60 is increasing at an unprecedented pace. The purpose of the study was to determine the significance of physical activity of older people in the process of successful ageing. Research methods. This article is a review of Polish and foreign studies considering the relationship between physical activity and successful ageing. The elaboration refers to the results of surveys published in the reviewed scientific journals including empirical studies mainly based on diagnostic survey. Study results. A thorough analysis identified three parts: the concept of successful ageing, the relationship between physical activity and health, and physical activity of older persons in Poland compared to their counterparts abroad. A review of the literature and documents has revealed that one of the main factors affecting successful ageing is physical activity. Conclusions. Physical activity and successful ageing are different in the assessed communities. Thus, it is necessary to monitor physical activity of older people in the context of successful ageing – in order to provide conducive circumstances to activating this social group and thus reducing social security cost.
The study involved 50 ex-cyclists at age 22-66, there were 17 women and 33 men. This survey-based study was performed using two standardized tools: Health Behaviour Inventory (IZZ) and The questionnaire on daily routines (chronocard).The most of the studied group (58%) undertook pro-health behaviours at the median level, 24% presented the maximum level of health behaviours, and the smallest studied group (18%) presented the minimum level of IZZ. It showed that gender didn’t influence the health behaviour of ex-cyclists (p=0,784). An amount of time for different activities (work/study, activities at home, relax, entertainment, physical activity and others) is different during each weekdays. The dominance in the time budget of ex-cyclists was work (study).The most of the leisure time, the studied group spent for amusements and the less for relax and physical activity.The dominance of the studied group were in median and minimum level of health behaviours with the most escalated behaviours in positive mental attitude and lower in nutritional habits, prophylactic behaviours and healthy habits. The studied group presented very restricted pro-healthy lifestyle.
The aim of the study was to asses the influence of the type of rest on football players’ ability to repeat a phosphagen exercise. Twelve football players from the Polish third league were involved in the study and were subjected to a maximum power test on a cycloergometer. Respiratory parameters, lactic acid concentration in capillary blood and acid-base balance parameters were registered before, during and after the test. The test was carried out twice. During the first test the subjects used an active rest break (A) and during the second one they used a passive rest break (B). In part A the quantity of relative work was 87.61 ±9.25 J/kg and in part B it was 78.5 ±6.58 J/kg (p = 0.012). In test A during exertion and during restitution (4th minute) we registered higher values of the respiratory parameters (Rf, VE, VO2, VO2/kg). Our conclusion is that passive rest should be used when the objective is the fastest resynthesis of PCr and ATP. An active rest break should be used when the goal is to remove the accumulated LA as soon as possible.
Tourism, especially adventure tourism, is the best form of physical activity, regardless of age, gender and wealth. It is one of the most important and most accessible forms of active recreation. Although socio-economic transformation in the early 1990s had a profound influence on the development of tourism in Poland, for some social groups tourism is still a luxury. The situation of rural women in this regard is particularly difficult. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tourist activity of rural women and find out its main determinants. To achieve these objectives, a survey was conducted among women living in the villages of Koszewo, Pęzino and Kunowo (district of Stargard Szczeciński, West Pomerania). The study showed the increased level of education of rural women and their improved standards of living, clearly reflected in the increased awareness of healthy leisure activities. Analysis of ways of spending vacations by women living in rural areas showed that it depended on their economic activity but not on education. Going abroad for vacations and frequency of trips outside the place of residence depended on both education and economic activity of the surveyed women.
Heavy metal compounds are included in many cosmetics and dietary supplements. The most frequent metal contaminants of cosmetic products are mercury, lead, cadmium and arsenic. The contents of toxic metals in cosmetic products are mainly associated with the use of inadequately cleaned raw materials. Despite numerous inspections of the manufacturing process andkeeping the production in line with the principles of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP), these elements are still found even in products of the best quality. Metals contaminate cosmetics as a result of production processes. Heavy metal toxicity is the result of prolonged exposure which causes the appearance of many side effects. The mechanism of toxicity is mainly related to the impairment of ATP and the change of protein synthesis in enzyme activity, by inducing free radicals. Metals interfere with, among others, the proper functioning of organs, neurotoxic effects, cause problems in learning and behavior, adversely affect the proper functioning of the immune system and adversely affect the developping fetus. Metals have the ability to accumulate in certain organs, primarily in the kidneys and the liver. The European Union does not regulate the limits of metal concentrations in detail, but there is a list of substances prohibited for use in cosmetics in all Member States
The purpose of this study was to evaluate differences in heart rate recovery (HRr) in trained and untrained adults, while assessing the role of physiological and emotional factors. Eighteen untrained and 21 trained participants completed a maximal exercise test and a 20-min treadmill exercise at 55–70% heart rate reserve, and emotional state was assessed prior to exercise. Multiple regression was used to assess relationships between heart rate recovery and physiological and emotional assessments. The trained group had a higher relative maximal oxygen consumption (p < 0.001), lower resting heart rate (p < 0.001), and faster short- and long-term heart rate recovery (p < 0.05) than the untrained group. Resting heart rate was the most predictive measure with HRr for the trained group (R = 0.551–0.818), whereas resting heart rate, maximal heart rate, and fitness were predictors of recovery in the untrained group (R = 0.764–0.977). The results show the predominant parasympathetic influence on HRr in the trained group, but indicates influence of fitness and exercise intensity on recovery in the untrained group. Thus, fitness appears to influence HRr in those only with low fitness. This notion may help influence the behavior of untrained individuals to improve fitness to reduce risk of mortality and morbidity.
The article deals with the effects of improved methods of training 7–12 year old children at the initial stage of long-term training using specialized Judo Games. Modern methods of training in many sports, Judo in particular, are characterized by early specialization. In this regard there could be observed immaturity of some existing training programs when age-related features of beginners are not taken into consideration, and as a result children’s health is suffering unfortunate consequences. Methods of initial Judo training open vast space for perfection and development of this kind of sports. The author initiated and practiced teaching and training process at the IT (initial training) stage Judo beginners by using Judo games as means of full development of physical features and shaping combat skills. This experiment proved to be actual and practically valuable.
Modern physical culture was one of the many important processes that have taken over the political, social, and cultural life in Germany in the second half of the 19th century. At the turn of the 19th century in Germany, two big middle-class organizations have been formed to deal with physical activity affairs: the German Gymnastics Association (Deutsche Turnerschaft; the Turnverein) and dynamically-growing English sports. The paper demonstrates the relations between the Turnverein movement and the world of sport in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. The German Gymnastics Association, an organization founded in the 60s of the 19th century, had long-time achievements initiated by the work of Friedrich Ludwig Jahn. Simultaneously, the world of sport in Germany was concentrated on the newly-founded in 1904 German Olympics Committee – primary organization bringing together several various federations of sport disciplines. It was an organization primarily brought into existence to coordinate the debut appearance of the German Empire in the restored by P. Coubertain Olympic Games.
Aqua aerobics, as one of the modern forms of movement, is becoming more and more popular among the public. The main objectives of this study is to get to know the lifestyle and opinion on the aqua aerobic classes of women participating in this type of activities. According to the authors, people who take part in aqua aerobics classes probably care about their fitness. They should also be aware of the need to lead a healthy lifestyle, because it is one of the most important factors in human health. The study group included 50 participants of aqua aerobics classes in “AQUA STYL” company in Szczecin. Each subject received a questionnaire. It contained 23 questions. Most of the questions related to information about participants and their way of life. The other concerned the opinion about aqua aerobic classes. Most of the respondents answered that they lead a healthy lifestyle. More than 70% of women felt that they follow rather healthy diet. The analysis showed that aqua aerobics gave pleasure to almost all respondents. The benefit of participation in aqua aerobics classes is generally better mood. Despite the large number of people declaring a healthy lifestyle, it is advisable to increase the awareness of the lifelong need for physical activity. As many as 30% of respondents did not know if they lead a healthy lifestyle. There should be greater promotion of healthy behavior. Instructors should know more about the group attending the classes, in order to make the exercises more attractive and effective.
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