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Strefa hyporeiczna, jej funkcjonowanie i znaczenie

100%
Kosmos
|
2007
|
vol. 56
|
issue 1-2
181-196
EN
The hyporheic zone is defined as a subsurface volume of sediment and porous space adjacent to a stream through which stream water readily exchanges. Although the hyporheic zone physically is defined by the hydrology of a stream and its surrounding environment, it has a strong influence on stream ecology, and stream biogeochemical cycling. Thus, the hyporheic zone is an important component of the stream ecosystems. The formation of the environmental gradients in the hyporheic zone is higly determinated by the hydrologic exchange between surface water and groundwater. The hydrologic exchange can be subdivided into three types: a) infiltration (downwelling surface water) b) exfiltration (upwelling interstitial water) c) horizontal advection (subsurface flow along the stream). The exchange of water, nutrients, and organic matter occur in response to variation in discharge and bed topography and porosity. Although the hyporheic zones extent is controlled by surface-water penetration into the subsurface, hyporheic water is generally composed of a mixture of surface water and groundwater. From a biogeochemical perspective, groundwater is generally low in dissolved oxygen and enriched in inorganic solutes compared to stream water. Thus, biogeochemical gradients exist within the hyporheic zone between two extremes defined by the surfacewater and groundwater end members. This makes the hyporheic zone a very active location of biogeochemical transformation of nutrients and other dissolved solutes. The upweling subsurface water supplies stream organisms with nutrients while the downwelling stream water provides dissolved oxygen and organic matter to microbes and invertebrates in the hyporheic zone. Hyporheic biogeochemical processes strongly influence the quality of surface water. The hyporheic zone is an ecotone between stream water and groundwater environments, combining not only biogeochemical but also physical characteristics of both environments. The hyporheic zone provides an ideal habitat for a wide array of microbes and invertebrates.
PL
Związki organiczne stanowią powszechny składnik wód słodkich. Rozpuszczona materia organiczna (RMO) w środowisku lądowym jest syntetyzowana zarówno wewnątrz ekosystemu jak i poza nim. RMO jest heterogeniczną mieszaniną tysięcy różnych organicznych substancji i związków chemicznych zawierających, oprócz węgla, także m. in. tlen, wodór, azot, fosfor i siarkę. RMO podlega biologicznym i abiotycznym transformacjom. Na przemiany RMO w przyrodzie składają się procesy produkcji, fotoutleniania, wymywania, ługowania oraz akumulacji. RMO wpływa na tempo i zasięg przemieszczania się metali ciężkich w wodach słodkich. Rozpuszczone barwne substancje organiczne powodują szybsze ogrzewanie się wody. Rozpuszczony węgiel organiczny (RWO) stanowi największy rezerwuar węgla organicznego w ekosystemach wodnych i jest istotnym elementem biogeochemicznego obiegu węgla w przyrodzie. Wysokie stężenie RMO w wodach słodkich prowadzi do znacznych deficytów tlenowych w hypolimnionie i eutrofizację wód. Obfitość i jakość RMO wpływa również na tempo produkcji pierwotnej i stanowi ważny element pętli mikrobiologicznej organizmów wodnych.
EN
Organic compounds are a common component of freshwaters. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is synthesized inside the ecosystem and beyond, in the terrestrial environment. DOM is a heterogeneous mixture of thousands of different organic substances and chemical compounds containing, in addition to carbon, also: oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. DOM undergoes biological and abiotic transformations. The transformation of DOM consists of primary production processes, photo-oxidation processes, leaching and accumulation. DOM affects the rate and movement of heavy metals in freshwaters. Colored organic substances cause higher water temperature. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is the largest reservoir of organic carbon in aquatic ecosystems and is an important element of the biogeochemical carbon cycle. Elevated concentration of DOM in surface water, affects the oxygen deficits in hypolimnion and water eutrophication. The abundance and quality of DOM affects the rate of primary production and is an important element of the microbial loop.
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