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Approaches to describe ventilatory threshold in professional sports

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Zych M., Stec K., Pilis A., Pilis W., Michalski C., Pilis K., Kosiński D.
Physical Activity Review
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2017
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vol. 5
113-123
EN
Ventilatory threshold is one of the ways to measure cardiovasculatory fitness of the body. Therefore, in the present study it was decided to demonstrate which physiological parameters most accurately express the second ventilatory threshold (VAT2) depending on the cardiovasculatory fitness of different groups of athletes and untrained men. The study involved the following athletes: race walkers (n=14), weightlifters (n=16), powerlifters (n=16), runners (n=14), professional soccer players (n=13), amateur soccer players (n=16), martial arts (n=12), and untrained men (n=15). Subjects’ VAT2 and maximal load (ML) were recorded and at these levels were determined the value of achievable maximal power (P), oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), the ratio for oxygen uptake and heart rate (VO2/HR) and the rate-pressure produkt (RPP). It was shown that subjects were of similar age but different body mass (BM) and BMI. There were also differences between athlete groups at VAT2 and ML in relation to: P, VO2, VO2/HR (p<0.001) and RPP only at VAT2 (p<0.023). Reached HR values at VAT2 as well as at ML have not differed between the groups. There were also intergroup differences at VAT2 in terms of relative values: %VO2max (p<0.002), %Pmax(p<0.016), %VO2max/%HRmax (p<0.03). Relatively expressed %HRmax and %RPPmax reached at VAT2 did not differ between the two groups. Runners, professional soccer players and race walkers achieved the most favorable indicators of physical performance. It has been demonstrated that VAT2 besides P i %Pmax was best described by VO2, %VO2max and by VO2/HR and %VO2max/%HRmax, as well as by RPP. On the other hand HR and %HRmax, as well as %RPPmax are not useful in this regard. Furthermore it should be recognized that athletes in whose structure of the training occurred running of varying intensity achieved the highest physical fitness.
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Obesity: reversible biological adaptation or disease?

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Pilis K., Pilis A., Stec K., Michalski C., Zych M., Buchta J., Pilis W.
Physical Activity Review
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2016
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vol. 4
18-27
EN
Introduction: Obesity is an unfavorable state of health as a result of which come in the initial adaptation, that could gradually transform into specific disease condition. Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the degree of middle-aged men adaptation to obesity in terms of somatic changes, exercise capacity and cardiopulmonary fitness. Materials and Methods: The study involved 12 obese middle-aged men (OG) - BMI = 34.32 ± 4.11 kg/m2. The control group (CG) consisted of 12 non-obese middle-aged men- BMI = 23.72 ± 1.83 kg/m2,with similar body height (BH) to OG. After recording somatic and physiological data at rest, participants were subjected to the bicycle ergometer test (BT) gradually increasing intensity. During the BT aerobic power (AP) was recorded and analyzed along with parameters characterizing the efficiency of the circulatory and respiratory systems at anaerobic threshold (AT) and the maximum load (ML). Results: This study has shown that obese men have a higher body mass (BM), a higher content of fat (BF), an increased lean body mass (FFM) and a higher content of water (TBW) than CG (p <0.001). Absolute and relatively expressed in relation to the FFM respondents’ values of AP and VO2 were similar in both groups and after taking under the consideration the body weight, they were significantly lower in OG than in the CG. Furthermore, adverse effects have been observed that emerged on some cardiovascular and respiratory variables at rest in case of OG; these effects did not occur during physical exertion. Conclusions: Beyond negative changes occurring obesity in the first stage led to favorable somatic adaptation that entails an increase of FFM in OG, which gives a positive impact on the capacity of physical work of obese men and produces a beneficial effect on the resulting compensation impairment in the respiratory and circulatory systems of these subjects.
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Reakcja osób długotrwale praktykujących jogę na wysiłek fizyczny o intensywności na poziomie progu wentylacyjnego

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Stec K., Pilis K., Zych M., Michalski C., Pilis A., Grela Ł., Pilis W.
Polish Journal of Sports Medicine
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2017
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vol. 33(4)
267-272
EN
Background. High physical performance of people practicing yoga and the body’s responses to physical activity are important determinants of effective exercise. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to determine the physical fitness of long-term yoga practitioners and the response of the body to physical activity with intensity corresponding to the second ventilatory threshold (ATV2). Material and methods. In the study took part 12 participants (5 women and 7 men) who have been practicing yoga for many years and 12 non-trainees (5 women and 7 men) of the same age who were the control group. All respondents were subjected to a gradually intensified cycloergometer test (ET), when at ATV2 level were measured: aerobic power (P), heart rate (HR), pulmonary ventilation (VE), oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide excretion (VCO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VE/VO2). VO2max and Pmax were obtained as well. Results. Study has shown no somatic differences between groups. The VE, VO2 and P values at VAT2 in the yoga group were statistically higher than in the control group, with similar HR and VE/VO2 in both groups. In addition, yoga practitioners had higher VO2max (p<0.015) and Pmax (p<0.007) than the control group. Conclusion. Study has shown that the specific yogic practice applied over many years has improved significantly physical performance and ventilatory responses to physical effort without altering somatic variables and cardiovascular system effectiveness.
PL
Wstęp. Wydolność fizyczna u osób praktykujących jogę i reakcje organizmu na wysiłek fizyczny są istotnymi czynnikami determinującymi jej skuteczne uprawianie. Dlatego celem prezentowanej pracy jest określenie wydolności fizycznej osób długotrwale praktykujących jogę oraz reakcji organizmu na wysiłek fizyczny o intensywności odpowiadającej drugiemu progowi wentylacyjnemu (ATV2). Materiał i metody. W badaniach wzięło udział 12 osób (5 kobiet i 7 mężczyzn) praktykujących jogę przez wiele lat i 12 osób nietrenujących (5 kobiet i 7 mężczyzn) w podobnym wieku, stanowiących grupę kontrolną. Wszystkich badanych poddano testowi wysiłkowemu o wzrastającej intensywności na cykloergometrze, podczas którego przy obciążeniu na poziomie ATV2 mierzono: moc aerobową (P), częstość akcji serca (HR), wentylację płucną (VE), pobór tlenu (VO2), wydalanie dwutlenku węgla (VCO2), współczynnik wymiany oddechowej (RER) i równoważnik wentylacyjny tlenu (VE/VO2). Dodatkowo, VO2max and Pmax były określone. Wyniki. Badania wykazały brak różnic somatycznych pomiędzy badanymi grupami. Osiągane wartości VE, VO2 i P przy VAT2 w grupie joginów były statystycznie wyższe niż w grupie kontrolnej, przy podobnych wartościach HR i VE/VO2 w obydwu grupach. Ponadto jogini osiągnęli wyższe wartości VO2max (p<0.015) i Pmax (p<0.007) niż grupa kontrolna. Wnioski. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, że specyficzna praktyka jogiczna aplikowana przez wiele lat w istotnym stopniu wpłynęła na zwiększenie wydolności fizycznej i odpowiedzi wentylacyjnej na zastosowany wysiłek fizyczny, nie zmieniając przy tym uwarunkowań somatycznych organizmu i sprawności układu krążenia.
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Evaluation of the Blood Antioxidant Capacity in Two Selected Phases of the Training Cycle in Professional Soccer Players

84%
Michalczyk M., Kłapcińska B., Sadowska-Krępa E., Jagsz S., Pilis W., Szołtysek-Bołdys I., Chmura J., Kimsa E., Kempa K.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2008
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vol. 19
93-108
EN
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a regular pre-season training on the aerobic performance and the blood antioxidant defense capacity in soccer players from the Polish Premier League club (n=19) and IVth League team (n=15). The players participated in an incremental treadmill running exercise to volitional fatigue twice (i.e., at the beginning (Trial A) and the end (Trial B) of the pre-season spring training). In venous blood samples, taken at rest and 3 min post-test, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH-Px, CAT, GR) and concentrations of non-enzymatic antioxidants (GSH, tocopherols, retinol, uric acid) and malondialdehyde as a lipid peroxidation biomarker were measured. With the aim of between-group comparisons and possible conclusions on training-induced changes in the capacity of the blood antioxidant defense, the POTAX index was calculated as a sum of standardized activities of antioxidant enzymes and concentrations of non-enzymatic antioxidants.The results of the present study indicate that the players from the Premier League club were characterized by only slightly higher maximal oxygen uptake rates, the differences compared to IVth League team, as assessed in both trials, were statistically insignificant. Participation in the pre-season training resulted in a moderate improvement of aerobic performance, although only a few players were characterized by VO2max comparable to the international-class elite performers. No distinct differences were observed in the level of aerobic performance between higher- and lower-classified players.Pre-season training led to an improvement in the global blood antioxidant capacity expressed in terms of POTAOX indices, although the changes in the activities and concentrations of individual components of the antioxidant system were less pronounced. Training-induced level of antioxidant conditioning was higher among the Premier League players, which may be related to differences in the training schedule and nutritional preparation of the athletes.
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