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1
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Changes of Power-Velocity Relationship in Volleyball Players During an Annual Training Cycle

100%
Buśko K.
Human Movement
|
2009
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vol. 10
|
issue 2
149-152
EN
Purpose. The aim of the study was to follow the changes of maximal power output and power-velocity relationship in male volleyball players during an annual training cycle. Basic procedures. The study was conducted on six first-league volleyball players: age 25.0 ± 5.3 years, body height 195.2 ± 7.2 cm and body mass 91.2 ± 14.7 kg. Force-velocity and power-velocity relations were determined from five maximal cycle ergometer exercise tests, 10 s each, with increasing external loads amounting to 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5% of body weight, respectively. There were 2-min breaks between the tests. Maximal power output was computed from power-velocity curves. Maximal power output and power-velocity relationships were determined before the preparatory period (I), after the first competitive season (II) and after the second competitive season (III). Main findings. Significant increases occurred in the maximal power output from 12.80 ± 0.79 (preparatory period) to 13.11 ± 0.94 (after the first competitive season) and 13.44 ± 0.62 W·kg-1 (after the second competitive season). The mean optimal velocity (vo) increased non-significantly from 122.2 ± 16.1 rpm (I) to 129.2 ± 14.9 rpm (II), and decreased non-significantly during the second competitive season (119.5 ± 18.5 rpm). Conclusions. In the annual training cycle under study a statistically significant increase of the power output with the external load of 7.5% of body weight was noted. The relative maximal power output increased significantly after the second competitive season as compared with the measurement before the preparatory period. The optimal velocity changed insignificantly in the entire annual training cycle.
2
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Jumping Abilities and Power-Velocity Relationship in Judo Athletes: Comparative Analysis Among Age Categories

100%
Buśko K.
Human Movement
|
2015
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vol. 16
|
issue 2
78-82
EN
Purpose. The aim of the study was to examine age differences in the maximal power and height of rise of the body mass centre measured in spike jump (SPJ) and counter-movement jump (CMJ), and power-velocity relationship of lower extremities between cadet and U23 age class judo athletes. Methods. Seven cadets (age 16.6 ± 0.7 years) and eight U23 age class (21.3 ± 1.4 years) Polish judoists took part in the study. The maximal power and height of jump were measured at SPJ and CMJ jumps. Power- velocity relations (P-v) were determined from 5 maximal cycle ergometer exercise bouts at increasing external loads equal to 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5% of body weight (BW). Results. Cadet judoists had a significantly smaller maximal power output (11.56 ± 1.21 W ・ kg-1) than U23 athletes (12.69 ± 0.67 W ・ kg-1). The optimal velocity was similar in both group (119.3 ± 16.0 rpm and 119.6 ± 15.5 rpm, respectively). Significant age differences were founded between the cadet and U23 athletes for power output at external load equal 12.5% BW. Cadet judoists generated insignificantly lower maximal power in CMJ and SPJ than U23 judo athletes with except of the absolute maximal power in SPJ. The age difference was observed in height of CMJ. Conclusions. Based on the characteristics of F-v curve we can see in which direction follow the effects of training. Application of CMJ and SPJ in jumping test allows to assess changes in neuromuscular coordination. The use of the both methods give better information to optimal training control.
3
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Muscle Strength and Power of Elite Female and Male Swimmers

64%
Buśko K., Gajewski J.
Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity
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2011
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vol. 3
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issue 1
13-18
EN
Background: The aim of the study was to examine gender differences in the maximal power and height of rise of the body mass centre, measured in ACMJ (akimbo counter movement jump), BCMJ (bounce counter movement jump) and CMJ (counter movement jump) and maximal muscle torque in elite swimmers who have a similar training load during the season.Material/Methods: Eight male and eight female elite swimmers competing at the international level took part in the study. The maximal power and height of rise of the body mass center were measured at ACMJ, BCMJ and CMJ jumps performed on a dynamometric platform. Maximal muscle torques of elbow, shoulder, knee, hip and trunk flexors and extensors were measured under static conditions on a special stand.Results: Only differences in relative muscle torque of flexors of the left and the right hip, flexors and extensors of the right knee and flexors and extensors of the trunk, the sum of relative muscle torque of the trunk and relative maximal power output measured during BCMJ were not significant between the female and male competitors, while statistically significant differences were observed between the groups in all the remaining variables of physical performances.Conclusions: The results of the present study demonstrate that the male swimmers had much better performance than the female swimmers of comparable physical conditions, but when the results were calculated per body mass, gender differences in some the values were insignificant.
4
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Changes of Maximal Muscle Torque and Maximal Power Output of Lower Extremities in Male Judoists During Training

64%
Buśko K., Nowak A.
Human Movement
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2008
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vol. 9
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issue 2
111-115
EN
Purpose. The aim of the study was to follow changes of the maximal muscle torque and maximal power output of lower extremities in male judoists during pre-competition training (PCT). The original hypothesis assumed that different training loads would cause changes of the maximal muscle torque and maximal power output of legs in male judoists during pre-competition training, but not changes of the topography of the maximal muscle torque in all muscle groups. Basic procedures. The study sample consisted of five male judoists from the Polish National Team. Muscle torque measurements in static conditions were performed shortly before PCT (I), after the strength training mesocycle (II) and immediately after PCT (III). Ten muscle groups were examined: flexors and extensors of the trunk, shoulder, elbow, hip and knee. The maximal power output of legs was measured on a dynamometric platform during counter-movement jumps (CMJ) and bounce counter-movement jumps (BCMJ). Main findings. The sums of the muscle torque of both arms and the trunk were changed insignificantly during pre-competition training (PCT). The sum of muscle torque of the right and left lower extremities increased significantly between the measurements I and III. The muscle percent topography of muscle groups also showed significant changes. Maximal power output of lower extremities measured during CMJ decreased significantly, but increased during BCMJ. Conclusion. PCT caused changes of the maximal muscle torque of lower extremities, but the muscle topography of the muscle groups revealed significant changes, too. The maximal power output of lower extremities measured during CMJ decreased.
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A Comparative Analysis of the Anthropometric Method and Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis on Changes in Body Composition of Female Volleyball Players During the 2010/2011 Season

64%
Buśko K., Lipińska M.
Human Movement
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2012
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vol. 13
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issue 2
127-131
EN
Purpose. The aim of this study was to observe the changes in body composition by using two measurement methods - anthropometric analysis and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) - on a group female volleyball players and to compare the results of both methods. Methods. Eleven female volleyball players participated in this study during the 2010/2011 season. Measurements of body composition were performed with an electronic body composition analyzer (BIA method) adjusted for STANDARD physical activity levels and then using the anthropometric method as per Piechaczek's formula. Total lean body mass (LBM), total body fat content (FAT) and body water content were measured. Measurements were taken before preseason training (Measurement 0), one week before the end of preseason training (Measurement 1), after the first (Measurement 2) and the second (Measurement 3) half of the competitive season and four weeks after the seasons' playoffs during the offseason (Measurement 4). Additionally, during Measurement 4, body composition measured by the BIA method was adjusted for ATHLETIC physical activity levels. Results. Body mass, lean body mass and body water content did not change throughout the analyzed period. Body fat mass, as determined by BIASTANDARD, increased from 20.7 ± 5.3 kg (Measurement 0) to 22.2 ± 5.0 kg (Measurement 1) but subsequently decreased to 21.2 ± 5.7 kg (Measurement 2) and remained at this level until the end of the competitive season. In the case of body fat as measured by the anthropometric method, a significant increase in fat was observed from 18.4 ± 3.0 kg to 19.3 ± 3.4 kg and then from 19.5 ± 3.5 kg to 19.8 ± 3.6 kg. Analysis of LBM and FAT values found significant differences between the values obtained using the BIA method at the ATHLETIC physical activity level and the results registered at the STANDARD level and those recorded by use of the anthropometric method. Conclusions. The results obtained using the BIA method set at the STANDARD mode of physical activity and those by the anthropometric method did not significantly differ. Significant correlation between the values obtained by the BIA method and anthropometric method was found.
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Somatotype Variables Related to Muscle Torque and Power in Judoists

51%
Lewandowska J., Buśko K., Pastuszak A., Boguszewska K.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2011
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vol. 30
21-28
EN
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between somatotype, muscle torque and power output in judoists. Thirteen judoists (age 18.4±3.1 years, body height 178.6±8.2 cm, body mass 82.3±15.9 kg) volunteered to participate in this study. Somatotype was determined using the Heath-Carter method. Maximal muscle torques of elbow, shoulder, knee, hip and trunk flexors as well as extensors were measured under static conditions. Power outputs were measured in 5 maximal cycle ergometer exercise bouts, 10 s each, at increasing external loads equal to 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5% of body weight. The Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated between all parameters. The mean somatotype of judoists was: 3.5-5.9-1.8 (values for endomorphy, mesomorphy and ectomorphy, respectively). The values (mean±SD) of sum of muscle torque of ten muscle groups (TOTAL) was 3702.2±862.9 N × m. The power output ranged from 393.2±79.4 to 1077.2±275.4 W. The values of sum of muscle torque of right and left upper extremities (SUE), sum of muscle torque of right and left lower extremities (SLE), sum of muscle torque of the trunk (ST) and TOTAL were significantly correlated with the mesomorphic component (0.68, 0.80, 0.71 and 0.78, respectively). The ectomorphic component correlated significantly with values of SUE, SLE, ST and TOTAL (-0.69, -0.81, -0.71 and -0.79, respectively). Power output was also strongly correlated with both mesomorphy (positively) and ectomorphy (negatively). The results indicated that the values of mesomorphic and ectomorphic somatotype components influence muscle torque and power output, thus body build could be an important factor affecting results in judo.
7
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Changes in physiological and biomechanical variables in women practicing the Power Yoga system

51%
Mróz A., Buśko K., Wit B.
Biomedical Human Kinetics
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2012
|
vol. 4
61-65
EN
Study aim: To investigate changes in selected indices of anaerobic capacity, the ability to maintain body balance and the height of elevating body's centre of mass, and maximum power output in lower limbs during countermovement jump (CMJ) after 6 months of participation in yoga classes in Ashtanga Vinyasa system (Power Yoga).Material and methods: The study included 24 untrained women who volunteered to participate in a half-year experiment. The analysis focused on 12 women who participated in the classes until the experiment ended. The Wingate test was used to evaluate anaerobic capacity. In order to measure the functional state of vestibular organ the authors used a stabilographic method. Measurements of power output in the lower limbs and the height of elevation of the centre of mass in CMJ jumps were carried out using a dynamometric platform.Results: The 6 months of training in the Power Yoga system considerably improved the height of CMJ jumps from 0.276 ± 0.048 m to 0.308 ± 0.038 m (p<0.05). These changes were not accompanied by significant increases in maximum power output (1286 ± 200 W and 1327 ± 2134 W before and after, respectively; p>0.05).Conclusions: Practicing Power Yoga does not induce changes in the anaerobic capacity and the functional state of the vestibular organ in women.
8
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Modelling and analysis of lower limb joint loads during the Naeryo chagi technique in taekwondo

51%
Górski M., Lekszycki T., Buśko K., Mazur-Różycka J.
Biomedical Human Kinetics
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2014
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vol. 6
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issue 1
EN
Study aim: estimate reaction forces and muscle torque in lower limb joints during the Naeryo chagi technique in taekwondo. Material and methods: the parameters of the Naeryo chagi kick were measured with a Vicon motion tracking system comprising ten MX T40S cameras, two reference cameras and four AMTI BP600900-2000 force plates. Additional measurements were performed using the BTS-4AP-2K force analysis system equipped with a WB-4AP punching bag. The acquired raw data were processed and synchronized using Matlab v.R2007a software. A computer simulation created on the basis of the adopted mathematical model was used to identify reaction forces and control moments. Results: the highest joint loads occurred at the moment when the striking leg reversed its movement direction from rising to rapidly falling towards the target. The knee and ankle joints of the supporting leg were subject to greatest reaction forces and muscle torque. Conclusions: it is recommended to follow an exercise routine aimed at strengthening and stabilizing the structures of motor system subject to the greatest load.
9
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Level of physical activity of physical education students according to criteria of the IPAQ questionnaire and the recommendation of WHO experts

51%
Pastuszak A., Lisowski K., Lewandowska J., Buśko K.
Biomedical Human Kinetics
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2014
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vol. 6
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issue 1
EN
Study aim: Systematic physical activity is an effective preventive measure that supports the preservation of physical health and psychological health. Three expressions employed that relate to the work carried out with MET-min/week as a measure of the level of total physical activity are intense activity, moderate activity, and walking. These were applied to students studying Physical Education. In the process, those who failed to meet the requirements for the ‘sufficient’ level according to IPAQ criteria and as recommended by the WHO were identified. Material and methods: Research was conducted amongst 146 students: 50 from Charles University (CU) and 96 from the University of Physical Education in Warsaw (UPE). The total physical activity of students was determined according to the accepted standards (IPAQ). WHO recommendations concerning physical activity per week were converted into MET-min/week used by IPAQ as follows: physical activity needs to achieve at least 1200 MET-min/week to increase its effect on health. Results: The study of Physical Education students at CU shows that they were significantly more active than their counterparts at UPE. Total physical activity per week as measured by IPAQ at CU was 9525.2 ± 4275.9 for men and 10964.3 ± 4092.0 MET-min/week for women. At UPE, this was 4034.3 ± 2617.8 for men and 2469.8 ± 1721.2 MET-min/week for women. The difference in total levels of physical activity carried out by these students was found to depend largely upon their involvement in championship sports. Inclusion of WHO recommendations in the assessment of physical activity of students increased the proportion of individuals with low activity levels, particularly in the group of not-training students. Conclusions: It is recommended either that the WHO criterion “of activity level for health” be added to the IPAQ classification, thus toughening the requirements of the moderate level of activity, or, alternatively, an additional threshold of completing at least 1200 MET-min/week be applied, with the recommendation that this is achieved on a regular basis.
10
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Strength profile in young male athletes from different sports

45%
Buśko K., Gajewski J., Mazur-Różycka J., Michalski R., Łach P.
Biomedical Human Kinetics
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2013
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vol. 5
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issue 1
77-83
EN
Study aim: The aim of the present study was to determine a strength profile which characterizes young male athletes from different sports and to use the method of allometry to synthetically evaluate the muscular strength with respect to body mass. Material and methods: The study included 85 men who practiced taekwondo (8 subjects), 20 judoists, 10 weightlifters, 35 canoeists and 12 speed skaters. Measurements of maximal muscle torques in 10 groups of flexors and extensors of the elbow, shoulder, hip, knee and trunk were carried out in a testing station for muscle torque measurements under static conditions. In order to determine the relationships between the body mass and muscle torques in each muscle group, the authors used a procedure of linear regression for the data expressed as logarithms. Hence, the allometric relationship scaled with body mass was obtained. Results: The study demonstrated that the mean values of logarithms of maximal muscle torques are significantly different for the representatives of individual sports and they depend on the logarithm of body mass. The analysis of residuals was employed for the evaluation of maximal muscle torques. The highest strength profiles were observed in athletes who practice judo and the lowest in those who represented weightlifting and taekwondo. Conclusion: The authors propose to use an allometric relationship which takes body mass into consideration during evaluation of strength in individual muscle groups, because the values of muscle torques are not in direct proportion to body mass and their mutual proportions change with an increase in body mass.
11
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The H-reflex modulation in lying and standing positions in young canoeists

45%
Mazur–Różycka J., Gajewski J., Buśko K., Michalski R., Łach P.
Biomedical Human Kinetics
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2014
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vol. 6
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issue 1
EN
Study aim: to evaluate the differences in H-reflex parameters in lying and standing positions in canoeists. Material and methods: twenty seven male canoeists (age 17.2 ± 1.6 year, body mass 73.7 ± 7.6 kg, height 180.9 ± 6.1 cm, training experience 6.5 ± 3.6 years) participated in the study. None of the subjects had any history of neuromuscular disorders. The soleus H-reflex was examined in each subject twice: in lying and standing position. H-reflex was elicited by one-millisecond electrical stimulation of a posterior tibial nerve in the popliteal fossa. A recruitment curve for each subject was obtained by gradually increasing the stimulus intensity. Results: the results obtained in the present study showed statistically significant differences of the variables characterising effects of stimulations performed in lying and standing positions (F4,23 = 8.063; p < 0.001). H/M ratio was 0.50 ± 0.25 and 0.64 ± 0.27 for lying and standing positions, respectively. Our results support previous findings. Conclusions: the lying position is recommended for measurements as more comfortable for subjects and providing a greater level of the elicited H-reflex.
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The assessment of muscle strength symmetry in kayakers and canoeists

39%
Wietrzyński M., Mazur-Różycka J., Gajewski J., Michalski R., Różycki S., Buśko K.
Biomedical Human Kinetics
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2013
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vol. 5
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issue 1
65-71
EN
Study aim: To determine and compare the muscle strength profile and muscle strength symmetry of kayakers and canoeists. Material and methods: A total of 36 male participants participated in the study, including 25 kayakers and 9 canoeists. Measurements of maximum muscle torque were taken under static conditions for 10 muscle groups: flexors and extensors of the elbow, shoulder, knee, hip, and trunk. Muscle torque was allometrically scaled by body mass. To determine the muscle strength profiles of athletes in both disciplines, residual analysis was used. Two methods were utilized to assess and compare the muscle strength symmetry between left and right limbs. The first one is known as intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The second one is an asymmetry coefficient proposed by authors. Results: The study showed that kayakers obtained lower rates of asymmetry indicators than canoeists in most muscle groups. An overall asymmetry coefficient amounted to 0.77 ± 0.20 and 0.99 ± 0.31 (p < 0.05) for kayakers and canoeists, respectively. Moreover, it was observed that the kayakers and canoeists had similar strength profile. The symmetry assessment of maximum muscle torque corresponds to the characteristics of the studied disciplines. Conclusions: The intraclass correlation coefficient is recommended as a measure of strength symmetry for muscle groups comparisons. The asymmetry coefficient is recommended for comparison of individuals.
13
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Comparison of two boxing training simulators

39%
Buśko K., Staniak Z., Łach P., Mazur-Różycka J., Michalski R. M., Górski M.
Biomedical Human Kinetics
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2014
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vol. 6
|
issue 1
EN
Study aim: the aim of the study was to compare two methods for measuring punching and kicking force and the reaction time of athletes. Material and methods: both systems were designed to measure and to analyse the mechanical characteristics of punches and strikes delivered by upper and lower limbs to a punching bag. The main difference between both punching bags was the way in which the delivered force was measured. The first method used strain gauges while the second method used accelerometer technology. Both systems consisted of a punching bag with software, attached signal diodes, and either embedded accelerometers or strain gauges. The bags were of different sizes. Acceleration transducers and gyroscopes or strain gauges were placed inside the punching bags, which allowed for measuring dynamics while the bag was struck. The software calculated strike force, the point of force application and its direction, and reaction time. Both systems were tested. Results: the results of the accelerometer-based method show that the mean relative error of force calculation amounts to 3%. The measurement error of acceleration is less than 1%. The mean relative measurement error of the striking surface on the punching bag is 2%. However, the measurement error of force recorded with the strain gauge-based method is less than 1%. The results show that both systems are similar. Conclusions: the punching bag having an embedded accelerometer is equipped with more versatile software, which makes the system a good tool for practical application in combat sport training.
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