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1
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THE ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME GENE I/D POLYMORP HISM IN POLISH ROWERS

100%
Jastrzębski Z., Leońska-Duniec A., Kolbowicz M., Tomiak T.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2014
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vol. 5
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issue 1
77-82
EN
Angiotensin converting enzyme gene (ACE) is the most frequently investigated genetic marker in the context of genetic conditioning of athletic predispositions. The product of the gene is a key component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS), mainly responsible for the regulation of blood pressure. The main aim of the study was to determine the possible interaction between the ACE I/D polymorphism and endurance athlete status in a group of Polish rowers in comparison with sedentary individuals. 121 male Polish rowers, members of academic sports clubs, and 115 unrelated volunteers, were recruited for the study. The PCR amplification of the insertion (I) or deletion (D) fragment of the ACE gene was performed. Compared with control group, the frequency of the I allele differ significantly from that found in rowers (57.4% vs. 44.3%; P=0.013) and the ACE genotype frequency amongst the whole cohort of rowers (30.6% II, 53.7% ID, 15.7% DD) was also different from expected values (control group 19.1% II, 50.4% ID, 30.4% DD; P=0.017). Our investigation confirms a positive association of the I allele of the ACE gene with endurance athlete status in a group of Polish rowers.
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Training Load Structure of Young Soccer Players in a Typical Training Microcycle during the Competitive and the Transition Period

100%
Głowacki A., Ignatiuk W., Konieczna A., Jastrzębski Z.
Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity
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2011
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vol. 3
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issue 1
26-33
EN
Background: The aims of this study were: (1) to characterize the training load structure and the applied training means in typical microcycles of the transition period and the competitive season administered to young soccer players, and (2) to present exemplary training units of the competitive and the transition periods.Material/Methods: 20 young soccer players (12-13 years old) took part in the study. Jastrzębski's method based on Sozański and Śledziewski was applied to register and monitor the training load. Data was analyzed regarding the information range (general or specific drills) as well as energetic zones (aerobic, mixed aerobic-anaerobic, anaerobic lactate or anaerobic alactate drills).Results: The results of study show crucial differences in the applied training means in the analyzed microcycles. In a typical microcycle of the transition period general drills predominate, while during the competitive period - specific drills prevail. The total effective time of training was longer in the competitive season microcycle. It is a proper relationship according to the theory of sport training.Conclusions: The range of the training load registered in the competitive season is in line with other authors' research where league matches and small-sided games were used particularly often. The studied microcycles in the competitive season can be model ones and can be used in the training process of young football players.
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Changes of Physical Capacity and Soccer-Related Skills in Young Soccer Players within a One-Year Training Period

88%
Jastrzębski Z., Barnat W., Konieczna A., Rompa P., Radzimiński Ł.
Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity
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2011
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vol. 3
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issue 4
248-261
EN
Background: The aim of this study was to determine changes in both aerobic and anaerobic physical capacity as well as in sport-specific skills in footballers as a result of the applied training load within a one-year training period. It was assumed that the type of applied training load would have a significant influence on changes in physical capacity indexes and on differences in soccer technical skills.Material/Methods: The tests applied in the research were: Wingate test 30 sec. version for lower extremities (used to assess anaerobic capacity), PWC170 test (used to assess aerobic capacity) and German Football Association test of soccer technique skills known as DFB test (Deutsche Fussball Bund test).Results: The highest values of maximal power (Pmax=11.2 W·kg-1) and maximal total work volume (W=270.1 J·kg-1) obtained in Wingate test were noted at the end of the preparatory season. Statistically significant differences (p≤0.05) of mean values of the maximal power occurred between the first and the second test. No differences were stated between mean values of total work volume. However, aerobic capacity index and VO2max determined by an indirect method reached the highest values at the end of the competitive season and amounted to 18.6 kgm·kg-1·min-1 and 51.8 ml·kg-1·min-1 respectively. The best results in soccer technical skills test were registered at the end of the preparatory season (343.6 points) and at the end of the competitive season (340.2 points).Conclusions: It is stated that training load applied had a beneficial influence on changes in physical capacity indexes and results of soccer-related skills.
4
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Changes of Lactate Threshold during a Half-Year Training Cycle in "Arka Gdynia" Football Players

88%
Ignatiuk W., Rompa P., Radzimiński Ł., Dargiewicz R., Jastrzębski Z.
Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity
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2010
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vol. 2
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issue 2
104-112
EN
Background: The aim of this study was to assess lactate threshold changes during a half-year training cycle in S.S.A. "Arka Gdynia" football team.Material/Methods: The research was conducted on a sample of 17 "Arka Gdynia" Football Club players. The subjects participated in premier league competitions in autumn 2009/10 season. Apart from league matches (17) the players took part in Remes Polish Cup (2 matches). Aerobic capacity tests were conducted at the beginning of the summer preparatory season (test 1 - 27th June 2009), during the competitive season (test 2 - 2nd September 2009) and at the beginning of the winter preparatory season (test 3 - 13th January 2010). The players underwent an incremental running test. Running speed (V/LT) and heart rate (HR/LT) at the lactate threshold were determined.Results: An analysis of mean running speed values at LT intensity in each study confirms that during the first two tests participants achieved the same mean value of the ratio V/LT (3.80 m/s). The last test revealed a regression of the results by 0.17 m/s. The lowest standard deviation (± 0.20 m/s) was observed in the first study, which indicates that the diversity of the group was the smallest.Conclusions: Goalkeepers achieved statistically lower (p<0.05) values of running speed at the intensity corresponding to the anaerobic threshold (V/LT) in relation to field players.
5
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INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF SURFACES ON THE RESULTS OF RUNNING SPEED TESTS IN YOUNG SOCCER PLAYERS

88%
Jastrzębski Z., Bichowska M., Rompa P., Radzimiński Ł., Dargiewicz R.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2014
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vol. 5
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issue 1
5-14
EN
The main purpose of this study was to determine the influence of different types of surfaces on the sprint test results. 33 male football players from two age categories - U15 and U18 - performed sprint tests (7 distances between 5 and 30m) and a 150m shuttle run test on three types of surfaces: natural grass [n], a synthetic surface [s] and a rubber surface [r]. The longer distance a player covers, the more likely it is that the importance of the type of running surface will be noticed. The rubber surface diminishes the negative effects of changeable factors on the reliability of the tests and therefore, in our opinion, is recommended for control tests and especially for longitudinal tests. Comparing the results of running speed tests performed on different surfaces and especially in different weather conditions is unjustified.
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Damage to Liver and Skeletal Muscles in Marathon Runners During a 100 km Run With Regard to Age and Running Speed

88%
Jastrzębski Z., Żychowska M., Radzimiński Ł., Konieczna A., Kortas J.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2015
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vol. 45
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issue 1
93-102
EN
The purpose of this study was to determine: (1) whether damage to liver and skeletal muscles occurs during a 100 km run; (2) whether the metabolic response to extreme exertion is related to the age or running speed of the participant; (3) whether it is possible to determine the optimal running speed and distance for long-distance runners’ health by examining biochemical parameters in venous blood. Fourteen experienced male amateur ultra-marathon runners, divided into two age groups, took part in a 100 km run. Blood samples for liver and skeletal muscle damage indexes were collected from the ulnar vein just before the run, after 25, 50, 75 and 100 km, and 24 hours after termination of the run. A considerable increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was observed with the distance covered (p < 0.05), which continued during recovery. An increase in the mean values of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (p < 0.05) was observed with each sequential course. The biggest differences between the age groups were found for the activity of liver enzymes and LDH after completing 75 km as well as after 24 hours of recovery. It can be concluded that the response to extreme exertion deteriorates with age in terms of the active movement apparatus.
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An Application of Incremental Running Test Results to Train Professional Soccer Players

88%
Radzimiński Ł., Rompa P., Dargiewicz R., Ignatiuk W., Jastrzębski Z.
Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity
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2010
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vol. 2
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issue 1
67-74
EN
Background: The aim of this study was to lay out an incremental running test to determine anaerobic threshold and its usefulness as a predictability factor of the physiological load on professional soccer players during soccer training activities.Material/Methods: Subjects performed multi-stage incremental running test at three time points throughout the soccer season on a synthetic soccer pitch to determine the lactate threshold. The initial speed was set at 2.8 m/s and increased by 0.4 m/s after each stage until termination. HR was recorded at 5-second intervals by the Polar heart rate monitor (Polar Electro, FIN) at the end of each 3.30 - 5 min running stage. A capillary blood sample was taken from the fingertip during 1 minute rest between stages. Blood lactate concentration from each sample was assigned to the corresponding values of the heart rate and the running speed. Beaver method was used to determine the lactate threshold (LT) and the corresponding values of HR (HR/LT) and the running speed (V/LT). According to V/LT and HR/LT players were assigned to running and training groups for optimal individualization of the training process. Players performed some training activities like running or small-sided games in those groups.Results: The velocity at LT in the first test was 3.61 ± 0.22 m/s and increased during the preparation period (Test 2 - 3.79 ± 0.21 m/s). A further increment was observed during the soccer season. HR/LT was 173.90 ± 7 bpm in the first test and decreased after preseason preparations to 168.58 ± 6.78 bpm. During the soccer season no significant changes were observed.Conclusions: In this study we have observed that aerobic fitness increased during the preparation period and a further increment was observed after the competitive season. The present study shows V/LT and HR/LT as useful indicators for programming and monitoring training loads.
8
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Social, Educational and Sports Character of Football Academy in Malbork

76%
Barnat W., Jastrzębski Z., Konieczna A., Radzimiński Ł., Jaskulska E., Bichowska M.
Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity
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2011
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vol. 3
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issue 4
325-332
EN
The main sports aim of Football Academy is teaching and improving soccer skills of talented players from Malbork administrative district and the nearby areas as well as creating a two-stage sports training system targeted at young juniors (middle school - 3 years) and juniors (high school - 3 years). The main socio-educational aim is to support young players with a desirable set of values and create appropriate educational conditions for them to study at middle and high school.Judging by the three-year period of sports training and general educational activity in Football Academy in Malbork this practice can be described as systemic in terms of the second level of local government administration in Poland. Moreover, combining school education with sports training in the form of sports classes increases the effectiveness of soccer training and social integration. The main purpose of this paper was to present the organization and structure of Football Academy in Malbork.
9
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Lactate Threshold Changes in Soccer Players during the Preparation Period

76%
Jastrzębski Z., Dargiewicz R., Ignatiuk W., Radzimiński Ł., Rompa P., Konieczna A.
Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity
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2011
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vol. 3
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issue 2
96-104
EN
Background: The aim of the study was to assess the anaerobic threshold (lactate threshold LT) changes during winter and summer preparation period in soccer premier league and first division players. It was assumed that the index value varies depending on the stage of a one-year training cycle.Material/Methods: Tests were conducted on the premier league and first division soccer players. Physical capacity tests were carried out at the beginning and at the end of the winter and summer preparation period. The tests covered 3 years: 2008 - 2010. Subjects performed an incremental running test according to Jastrzębski's method. The most important data obtained from this test are: running speed (V/LT) and heart rate (HR/LT) at LT.Results: At the beginning of summer preparations the players' speed corresponding to LT reached the value of 3.69 m/s ± 0.31 m/s, while at the end of this period it increased to 3.86 m/s ± 0.29 m/s. During the winter preparatory season the values of this index were 3.81 m/s ± 0.3 m/s and 3.80 m/s ± 0.21 m/s, respectively.Conclusions: Tested subjects showed lower values of running speed at LT level at the beginning of the summer preparatory season than at its end. At the final stage of the winter preparatory season HR values at LT were significantly lower than at the initial stage of this period.
10
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TIME MOTION DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ROMANIAN AND POLISH HIGH LEVEL YOUNG SOCCER PLAYERS DURING 6 VS. 6 SMALL SIDED GAMES AS AN EFFECT OF TRAINING PROGRAM

76%
Jastrzębski Z., Radzimiński Ł., Stefaniak A., Dragos P., Dumitrescu G., Stępień P., Mrozik Ł.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2015
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vol. 10
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issue 2
55-61
EN
The purpose of this study was to present a time motion differences between Romanian and Polish young soccer players during 6 vs 6 small sided games. Young male football players from Schools of Sports Masters in Oradea (Romania) and Łódź (Poland) participated in the study. During the training session the players participated in four small-sided games 6 vs. 6 with goalkeepers (4 × 4 min, 3 min of active recovery). Heart rate responses and distance covered during small-sided games were compared. There were significant differences in the distance covered by both nationality players and age groups in reference to each intensity zone. Polish players coverd significantly longer distance compared with romanian soccer players. The results of motion abilities of young players from two countries with different training systems show that training programs can have a significant effect on adoptive abilities of the players.
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