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The functional efficiency of mouthguards in martial sports

100%
Rexhepi A. M., Brestovci B.
Human Movement
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2013
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vol. 14
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issue 4
353-359
EN
Purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of three different mouthguards on the airflow dynamics of oral breathing under increased ventilatory conditions at peak workload. Methods. Twenty volunteer male martial art athletes were subjected to cardio-respiratory examination on a treadmill. Four trials were performed, without a mouthguard and with a maxillary boil-and-bite mouthguard, bi-maxillary boil-and-bite mouthguard, and PlaySafe custom-made maxillary mouthguard. For each of the four tests, subjects performed an identical incremental test to determine VO2max and other respiratory values. Results. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive analyses and paired-samples t tests. The results indicated similarity in almost all measured variables when testing with the custom-made PlaySafe maxillary mouthguard to values recorded without a mouthguard, while tests performed with the maxillary and bi-maxillary boil-and-bite mouthguards showed greater differences. Conclusions. The custom-made PlaySafe maxillary and maxillary boil-and-bite mouthguards do not significantly reduce airflow dynamics of oral breathing when compared with the bi-maxillary boil-and-bite, instead, these two types of mouthguards were found to positively affect aerobic capacity.
2
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Prediction of vo2max based on age, body mass, and resting heart rate

100%
Rexhepi A. M., Brestovci B.
Human Movement
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2014
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vol. 15
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issue 1
56-59
EN
Purpose. The aim of the present study was to develop a non-exercise regression model for predicting maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) using age, body mass, and resting heart rate as predictor variables. Methods. The VO2max of 1502 active football players aged 16-35 years was measured using the Astrand Bike Test. The obtained data were analyzed by calculating basic statistical parameters and performing correlation and regression analysis. Results. The results of regression analysis indicated that all three independent variables could significantly (p = 0.000) predict the VO2max of the studied athletes. Measured VO2max showed significant correlation (0.688) with predicted VO2max. Student’s paired samples t test indicated no significant differences between measured VO2max and predicted VO2max (p = 0.782). Conclusions. The results suggest that the nonexercise variables of age, body mass, and resting heart rate, may significantly predict the endurance abilities of athletes (VO2max).
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Estimation of VO2MAX According to The 3’Bike Test

100%
Rexhepi A. M., Brestovci B.
Human Movement
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2012
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vol. 13
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issue 4
367-371
EN
Purpose. The aim of this study was to derive the regression equation for predicting VO2max of athletes by the relatively new submaximal 3'Bike Test. Methods. This test was conducted on 1501 active football male players, aged 16÷35 years. A medical anamnesis was administered and then the athletes’ weight was measured. Afterwards, the athletes performed the 3'Bike Test followed by the Astrand Bike Test for comparison reasons. Results. Linear regression of the data indicated that the produced regression model, as a whole, is statistically significant. In addition, the system of predictive variables was able to explain for 48% of total variability of the criterion variable VO2maxAST. According to the regression coefficients that had been derived, a regression equation that could predict VO2max was created. A significant high correlation (r = 0.688) and a non-significant paired t-test (p = 0.782) found between the measured VO2max (Astrand test) and the predicted VO2max (3'Bike Test) indicates a large similarity between the predicted and measured VO2max values. Conclusions. The 3'Bike Test was found to be a capable measurement tool of aerobic endurance, more reliable and valid than the Astrand submaximal test, as well as being shorter, more easily executed and a better predictor of VO2max.
4
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Comparison of the 3'Bike Test with the Astrand Bike Test by VO2max

100%
Rexhepi A., Brestovci B.
Human Movement
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2011
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vol. 12
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issue 4
348-352
EN
Purpose. The goal of this study was to compare two sub-maximal exercise tests used in predicting VO2max.abs, the 3'Bike Test, which has not previously been used as a functional test, and the Astrand Submaximal Bike Test. Methods. 1492 athletes aged 16-35 years were tested. After anthropometrical measurements, each athlete performed the new 3'Bike Test, and after resting for one hour, they performed the Astrand Bike Test. Results. Based on the data collected, when looking for correlations between the two tests' variables that indicate VO2max.abs, finds that the 5th minute of Astrand Bike Test realized its best correlation with the 3rd minute of the 3'Bike Test. This significant partial correlation between the 5th minute of the Astrand Bike Test and 3rd minute of the 3'Bike Test points to some similarities between these two tests. Linear regression of the data indicates that the system of predictive variables of the 3'Bike Test explains for 36.4% of total variability of the dependent variable (VO2max.abs) with a lower standard error of estimate of 0.247. Whereas the system of predictive variables of the Astrand Bike Test explains for 31.9% of total variability, with a standard error of estimate at 0.256. The third minute of the 3'Bike Test, with a beta-coefficient of -0.54, indicates better predictive influence of VO2max.abs when compared to other test variables. Conclusions. According to the above-mentioned results, it can be concluded that the new applied functional test, the 3'Bike Test, better predicts VO2max.score when compared with the Astrand-Bike Test.
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