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Randomized Clinical Trial to Compare the Effects of Preoperative Oral Carbohydrate Loading versus Placebo on Insulin Resistance and Cortisol Level after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

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Pędziwiatr M., Pisarska M., Matłok M., Major P., Kisielewski M., Wierdak M., Natkaniec M., Budzyński P., Rubinkiewicz M., Budzyński A.
Polish Journal of Surgery
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2015
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vol. 87(8)
402-408
EN
Postoperative insulin resistance, used as a marker of stress response, is clearly an adverse event. It may induce postoperative hyperglycemia, which according to some authors can increase the risk of postoperative complications. One of the elements of modern perioperative care is preoperative administration of oral carbohydrate loading (CHO-loading), which shortens preoperative fasting and reduces insulin resistance. The aim of the study is to establish the influence of CHO-loading on the level of insulin resistance and cortisol in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Material and methods. Patients were randomly allocated to one of 2 groups. The intervention group included 20 patients who received CHO-loading (400 ml Nutricia pre-op®) 2 hours prior surgery. The control group received a placebo (clear water). In every patient blood samples were taken 2 hours prior to surgery, immediately after surgery, and on the 1st postoperative day. Levels and changes in glucose, cortisol and insulin resistance were analyzed in both groups. Results. Although there were differences in the levels of cortisol, insulin, and insulin resistance, no statistically significant differences were observed between groups in every measurement. The length of stay and postoperative complications were comparable in both groups. Conclusions. We believe that CHO-loading is not clinically justified in case of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. No effect on the levels of glucose, insulin resistance and cortisol was observed. Even though such procedure is safe, in our opinion there is no clinical benefit from CHO-loading prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
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Impact of bariatric surgery on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

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Major P., Pędziwiatr M., Rubinkiewicz M., Stanek M., Głuszewska A., Pisarska M., Małczak P., Budzyński A., Budzyński P.
Polish Journal of Surgery
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2017
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vol. 89(2)
1-4
EN
Introduction; p to 300 million people have the body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 kg/m2. Obesity is the cause of many serious diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Bariatric surgery is the only effective method of achieving weight loss in patients with morbid obesity. Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the impact of bariatric surgery on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients operated on due to morbid obesity. Material and Methods: We included 20 patients who were qualified for bariatric procedures based on BMI > 40 kg/ m2 or BMI > 35kg/m2 with the presence of comorbidities. The average body weight in the group was 143.85kg, with an average BMI of 49.16kg/m2. Before the procedure, we evaluated the severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in each patient using the Sheriff-Saadeh ultrasound scale. We also evaluated the levels of liver enzymes. Follow-up evaluation was performed twelve months after surgery. Results: Twelve months after surgery, the average weight was 102.34 kg. The mean %WL was 33.01%, %EWL was 58.8%, and %EBMIL was 61.37%. All patients showed remission of fatty liver disease. Liver damage, evaluated with ultrasound imaging, decreased from an average of 1.85 on the Sheriff-Saadeh scale, before surgery, to 0.15 twelve months after surgery (p < 0.001). As regards liver enzymes, the level of alanine aminotransferase decreased from 64.5 (U/l) to 27.95 (U/l) (p < 0.001), and the level of aspartate aminotransferase decreased from 54.4 (U/l) to 27.2 (U/l). Conclusions: Bariatric procedures not only lead to a significant and lasting weight loss, but they also contribute to the reduction of fatty liver disease and improve liver function.
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Wpływ operacji bariatrycznych na przebieg niealkoholowej stłuszczeniowej choroby wątroby

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Major P., Pędziwiatr M., Rubinkiewicz M., Stanek M., Głuszewska A., Pisarska M., Małczak P., Budzyński A., Budzyński P.
Polish Journal of Surgery
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2017
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vol. 89(2)
1-4
PL
Wstęp: prawie 300 milionów ludzi na świecie BMI przekracza 30 (kg/m2). Otyłość jest przyczyną wielu poważnych schorzeń, takich jak cukrzyca typu 2, nadciśnienie tętnicze czy niealkoholowe stłuszczenie wątroby. Chirurgia bariatryczna jest jedyną efektywną metodą uzyskania redukcji masy ciała u pacjentów z otyłością olbrzymią. Cele: Celem tej pracy jest ocena wpływu chirurgii bariatrycznej na niealkoholowe stłuszczenie wątroby u pacjentów operowanych z powodu otyłości olbrzymiej. Materiał i metodologia: Włączyliśmy 20 pacjentów zakwalifikowanych do zabiegu bariatrycznego z BMI >40 kg/m2 lub BMI >35kg/m2 z współwystępującymi chorobami towarzyszącymi. Średnia masa ciała badanej grupy wynosiła 143,85 kg, ze średnim BMI 49,16 kg/m2. Przed zabiegiem dokonano oceny stopnia niealkoholowego stłuszczenia wątroby przy użyciu skali Sherifa Saadeha podczas badania ultrasonograficznego. Dokonaliśmy także oceny stężeń enzymów wątrobowych. Obserwację i wizyty kontrolne kontynuowano do 12 miesięcy po zabiegu. Wyniki: Dwanaście miesięcy po operacji średnia masa ciała badanej grupy wynosiła 102,34 kg. WL wyniosło średnio 33,0%, EWL 58,8%, a EBMIL 61,37%. U wszystkich pacjentów zaobserwowano remisję stłuszczenia wątroby. Uszkodzenie wątroby, ocenione przy użyciu ultrasonografii, zmniejszyło się ze średnio 1,85 pkt w skali Sherifa Saadeha przed zabiegiem do 0,15 pkt po 12 miesiącach (p=0,00). Poziomy enzymów wątrobowych zmalały z 64,5 (U/l) do 27,95 (U/l) dla ALT (p=0,00) oraz z 54,4 (U/l) do 27,2 (U/l) dla AST. Wnioski: rocedury bariatryczne nie tylko pozwalają na znaczącą oraz trwała utratę masy ciała, ale także przyczyniają się do zmniejszenia stłuszczenia wątroby oraz poprawy jej funkcjonowania.
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A periampullary duodenal diverticula in patient with choledocholithiasis – single endoscopic center experience

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Major P., Dembiński M., Winiarski M., Pędziwiatr M., Rubinkiewicz M., Stanek M., Dworak J., Pisarska M., Rembiasz K., Budzyński A.
Polish Journal of Surgery
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2016
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vol. 88(6)
576-586
EN
The reported prevalence of periampullary duodenal diverticula varies between 9 and 32.8%. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of periampullary diverticula in the studied population and establish whether their presence influence the risk of choledocholithiasis and the risk of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio Pancreatography (ERCP) related complications. Material and methods. The study group of 3788 patients who underwent ERCP between 1996 and 2016at the 2nd Department of General Surgery Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków were analyzed. The group comprised of 2464 women (mean age 61.7 years) and 1324 men (mean age 61.8 years). The patients were divided into two groups. Group A included patients in whom there were no periampullary diverticula detected. Group B included patients in whom the opening of the bile duct was in the vicinity of a duodenal diverticulum. Results. There were 3332 patients included in group A (2154 women and 1178 men) and 456 patients in group B (310 women and 146 men). The prevalence of periampullary duodenal diverticula in the analyzed group was 12.8%. The presence of stones or biliary sludge was diagnosed in 1542 patients (47.6%) in group A and 290 patients (68.1%) in group B. Recurrence of choledocholithiasis occurred in 4.5% of patients (70/1542) in group A and 10.3% of patients (30/290) in group B. Complications occurred in a total of 76 patients in group A (2.3%) and 22 patients in group B (4.8%). Conclusions. The presence of choledocholithiasis and the risk of ERCP related complications are significantly higher in the group with duodenal diverticula.
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The use of the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer – a comparative analysis of patients aged above 80 and below 55

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Pędziwiatr M., Pisarska M., Wierdak M., Major P., Rubinkiewicz M., Kisielewski M., Matyja M., Lasek A., Budzyński A.
Polish Journal of Surgery
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2015
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vol. 87(11)
565-572
EN
Age is one of the principal risk factors for colorectal adenocarcinoma. To date, older patients were believed to achieve worse treatment results in comparison with younger patients due to reduced vital capacity. However, papers have emerged in recent years which confirm that the combination of laparoscopy and postoperative care based on the ERAS protocol improves treatment results and may be particularly beneficial also for elderly patients. The aim of the study was to compare the outcomes of laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer in combination with the ERAS protocol in patients aged above 80 and below 55. Material and methods. The analysis included patients aged above 80 and below 55 undergoing elective laparoscopic colorectal resection for cancer at the 2nd Department of General Surgery of the Jagiellonian University. They were divided into two groups according to their age: ≥80 years of age (group 1) and ≤55 years of age (group 2). Both groups were compared with regard to the outcome of surgery: length hospital stay, complications, hospital readmissions, degree of compliance with the ERAS protocol, and recovery parameters (tolerance of oral nutrition, mobilisation, need for opioids, restored gastrointestinal function). Results. Group 1 comprised 34 patients and group 2, 43 patients. No differences were found between both groups in terms of gender, BMI, tumour progression or surgical parameters. Older patients typically had higher ASA scores. No statistically significant differences were found with regard to the length hospital stay following surgery (5.4 vs 7 days, p=0.446481), the occurrence of complications (23.5% vs 37.2%, p=0.14579) or hospital readmissions (2.9% vs 2.4%). The degree of compliance with the ERAS protocol in group 1 and 2 was 85.2% and 83.0%, respectively (p=0.482558). Additionally, recovery parameters such as tolerance of oral nutrition (82.4% vs 72.1%, p=0.28628) and mobilisation (94.1% vs 83.7%, p=0.14510) within 24 hours of surgery did not differ among the groups. However, a smaller proportion of older patients required opioids in comparison with younger patients (26.5% vs 55.8%, p=0.00891). Conclusions. Similar levels of compliance with the ERAS protocol may be achieved among patients aged ≥80 and younger patients. When laparoscopy is combined with the ERAS protocol, age does not seem to be a significant factor that could account for worse utcomes. Therefore, older patients should not be excluded from perioperative care based on ERAS principles.
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Elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy – is it safe in the hands of residents during training?

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Kisielewski M., Pędziwiatr M., Pisarska M., Major P., Rubinkiewicz M., Matłok M., Migaczewski M., Budzyński P., Budzyński A.
Polish Journal of Surgery
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2015
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vol. 87(9)
429-433
EN
The aim of the study was to assess safety of elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) performed by residents that are undergoing training in general surgery. Material and methods. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 330 patients operated electively due to cholelithiasis. Patients with acute cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis, undergoing cholecystectomy as a part of more extensive operation and patients with gall-bladder cancer were excluded. Group 1 included patients operated by resident, group 2 – by specialist. Duration of operation, mean blood loss, number of major complications, number of conversions to the open technique and conversions of the operator, reoperations and length of hospital stay were analyzed. Results. Mean operative time overall was 81 min (25 – 170, SD±28.6) and 71 min (30-210, SD±29.1) in groups 1 and 2 respectively (p=0.00009). Mean blood loss in group 1 was 45±68.2 ml and in group 2 – 41±73.4 ml (p=0.23). Six major complications has occurred (1.81%) – 2 (2%) in group 1 and 4 (1.7%) in group 2. 18 cases (15.5%) of conversion of the operator occurred in group 1, and 6 cases (2.6%) of conversion of the operator happened in group 2. Average LOS was 1.9 days in group 1 and 2.3 days in group 2 (p=0.03979). Conlcusions. Elective LC performed by a supervised resident is a safe procedure. Tactics of “conversion of operator” allowed to prevent major complications. Longer LC by residents is natural during the learning curve. Modifications of residency program in the field of laparoscopy may increase its accessibility.
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Uchyłki okołobrodawkowe dwunastnicy u pacjentów z kamicą przewodową – doświadczenia własne

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Major P., Dembiński M., Winiarski M., Pędziwiatr M., Rubinkiewicz M., Stanek M., Dworak J., Pisarska M., Rembiasz K., Budzyński A.
Polish Journal of Surgery
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2016
|
vol. 88(6)
576-586
PL
Uchyłki okołobrodawkowe dwunastnicy występują w 9 do 32,8% populacji dorosłych. Celem pracy była ocena częstości występowania uchyłków okołobrodawkowych dwunastnicy w badanej grupie oraz określenie czy ich obecność wpływa na ryzyko wystąpienia kamicy przewodowej oraz liczba komplikacji okołozabiegowych w przebiegu endoskopowej wstecznej cholangiopankreatografii (EWCP). Materiał i metodyka. Do badania włączono 3788 pacjentów, u których wykonano EWCP w latach 1996 – 2016 w II Katedrze Chirurgii Ogólnej UJ CM w Krakowie. Badaną grupę stanowiły 2464 kobiety (średni wiek 61,7 lat) oraz 1324 mężczyzn (średni wiek 61,8 lat). Pacjenci zostali przydzieleni odpowiednio do jednej z dwóch grup. Grupę A stanowili chorzy, u których nie zdiagnozowano uchyłków okołobrodawkowych dwunastnicy. W grupie B znaleźli się chorzy, u których stwierdzono uchyłki dwunastnicy umiejscowione w pobliżu brodawki Vatera. Wyniki. Grupę A stanowiło 3332 pacjentów (w tym 2154 kobiety oraz 1178 mężczyzn), a grupę B 456 chorych (w tym 310 kobiet i 146 mężczyzn). Częstość występowania okołobrodawkowych uchyłków dwunastnicy w analizowanej grupie wynosiła 12,8%. Obecność złogów żółciowych wykazano u 1542 pacjentów (47,6%) w grupie A oraz u 290 chorych (68,1%) w grupie B. Nawrót kamicy przewodowej obserwowano w 4,5% (70/1542) przypadków z grupy A oraz w 10,3% (30/290) z grupy B. Komplikacje okołozabiegowe wystąpiły u 76 chorych z grupy A (2,3%) i 22 pacjentów z grupy B (4,8%). Wnioski. Częstość występowania kamicy przewodowej i ryzyko wystąpienia komplikacji po EWCP są znamiennie wyższe w grupie chorych, u których stwierdzono obecność uchyłku w pobliżu brodawki Vatera w porównaniu z pacjentami bez takiej diagnozy.
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Wpływ zabiegów bariatrycznych na czynniki ryzyka chorób sercowo-naczyniowych u pacjentów z otyłością olbrzymią

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Major P., Kowalczuk A., Wysocki M., Osadnik S., Pędziwiatr M., Głuszewska A., Pisarska M., Małczak P., Lasek A., Kisielewski M., Budzyński A.
Polish Journal of Surgery
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2017
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vol. 89(1)
41-49
PL
Cel badania: Celem badania była ocena wpływu laparoskopowej rękawowej resekcji żołądka oraz laparoskopowego wyłączenia żołądkowego typu Roux-en-Y na czynniki ryzyka chorób sercowo-naczyniowych. Materiał i metody: Analizowaliśmy prospektywnie zebrane dane dotyczące pacjentów poddawanych leczeniu operacyjnemu z powodu otyłości olbrzymiej, których zakwalifikowano do laparoskopowej rękawowej resekcji żołądka (LSG) lub laparoskopowego wyłączenia żołądkowego typu Roux-en-Y (LRYGB). Czynniki ryzyka chorób sercowo-naczyniowych oceniano z użyciem karty ryzyka SCORE oraz skali całkowitego ryzyka i ryzyka ciężkich chorób sercowonaczyniowych Framingham (FCR). Dane zebrano przy przyjęciu oraz rok po zabiegu. Do badania włączono 235 pacjentów (119 kobiet i 116 mężczyzn, średnia wieku 40,2 lat+/-9,9 lat), z których 117 zostało poddanych LRYGB, a 118 – LSG. Wyniki: Przed operacją 12% pacjentów znajdowało się w grupie wysokiego ryzyka SCORE, 65% w grupie umiarkowanego ryzyka, a 24% w grupie niskiego ryzyka. Mediana wyniku SCORE wyniosła 1 (1–2). Wynik FCR w oparciu o stężenie lipidów wyniósł 34,5% (24–68%), ryzyko ciężkich chorób wyniosło 17,5% (10–52%), podczas gdy wyniki FCR w oparciu o BMI wyniosły odpowiednio 59% (31–84%) oraz 37% (15–67%). W rok po zabiegu średnie %EBMIL (62,88%+/-20,02%) oraz %EWL (53,18%+/-15,87%) były porównywalne w przypadku obu zabiegów. Łącznie 33 pacjentów po LSG i 55 po LRYGB nie wymagało leczenia przeciwnadciśnieniowego. Obserwowano remisję cukrzycy u odpowiednio 9 i 29 pacjentów. Oba zabiegi znacząco zmniejszyły występowanie wysokiego i umiarkowanego ryzyka SCORE na korzyść niskiego ryzyka. Interwencje chirurgiczne spowodowały znaczące zmniejszenie wyników FCR w rok po zabiegu (p<0,001). Wnioski: Zarówno LSG jak i LRYGB prowadzą do znaczącego i porównywalnego spadku masy ciała.
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Effects of bariatric surgery on cardiovascular risk factors among morbidly obese patients

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Major P., Kowalczuk A., Wysocki M., Osadnik S., Pędziwiatr M., Głuszewska A., Pisarska M., Małczak P., Lasek A., Kisielewski M., Budzyński A.
Polish Journal of Surgery
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2017
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vol. 89(1)
41-49
EN
Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric by-pass on risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. Material and methods: We analyzed prospectively collected data of patients operated for morbid obesity who were qualified for laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) or laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric by-pass (LRYGB). Risk factors for wyłączecardiovascular diseases were assessed with the SCORE scale and both full and hard Framingham cardiovascular risk scores (FCRs). The data were collected on admission and one year after the procedures. We enrolled 264 patients (119 females, 116 males, 40.2±9.9 years old), of whom 117 underwent LRYGB and 118 LSG, respectively. Results: Preoperatively, 12% of patients were in the high-risk category of the SCORE scale, 65% were in the moderate risk category, and 24% were in the low-risk category. The median score of the SCORE scale was 1 (1-2). Lipid-based full FCR was 34.5% (24%-68%) and the hard FCR was 17.5% (10%-52%), while the respective BMI-based FCRs were 59% (31%-84%) and 37% (15%-67%). One year after the procedures, the mean %EBMIL (62.88%±20.02%) and %EWL (53.18%±15.87) were comparable between both procedures. Hypertension treatment was not necessary in 33 patients after LSG and in 55 after LRYGB. Diabetes mellitus remitted in 9 and 29 patients, respectively. Both procedures significantly reduced high and moderate risk prevalence in the SCORE scale in favor of the low risk category. Surgical interventions resulted in significant reductions of FCRs 1 year after surgery ( p<0.001). Conclusions: Both LSG and LRYGB lead to a significant and comparable body mass reduction. Both procedures significantly decrease of the risk of cardiovascular diseases, based on SCORE and Framingham scales.
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