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Kosmos
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2016
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vol. 65
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issue 1
1-10
PL
Historia hodowli komórkowych sięga końca XIX w., kiedy Wilhelm Roux utrzymując płytkę nerwową embrionu kurczęcia w ogrzewanym roztworze soli, ustanowił zasady hodowli komórkowej. Od tego czasu naukowcy próbowali hodować komórki poza organizmem, by stworzyć model pozwalający na usprawnienie badań naukowych. Od początku panowało przekonanie, że hodowanie komórek in vitro pozwoli znaleźć odpowiedzi na wiele pytań dotyczących struktury i biologii komórek. Linię pierwszych ludzkich komórek uzyskano w 1951 roku z komórek pobranych z biopsji raka szyjki macicy Henrietty Lacks, która kilka miesięcy później zmarła z powodu tego nowotworu. Twórcą pierwszej linii komórkowej, nazwanej HeLa od imienia i nazwiska pacjentki, był George Gey, pracownik Johns Hopkins Hospital w Baltimore. Obecnie komórki HeLa są jedną z najczęściej stosowanych linii komórkowych w badaniach naukowych. Komórki HeLa dzielą się szybko i są wyjątkowo agresywne. Analiza genomu HeLa potwierdza szczególny charakter tych komórek wynikający z licznych zaburzeń w liczbie i strukturze chromosomów oraz ze zmian w ekspresji genów odpowiedzialnych za szlaki metaboliczne związane z naprawą DNA oraz z cyklem komórkowym. Opublikowano dotychczas ponad 70 tysięcy artykułów naukowych, do których wykorzystano komórki HeLa. W laboratoriach na całym świecie znajduje się ponad 50 mln ton komórek tej linii. Dzięki wprowadzeniu linii HeLa możliwe stało się opracowanie technik przechowywania i hodowli komórek oraz przeprowadzenie wielu istotnych badań, takich jak opracowanie szczepionki przeciw polio i poznanie mechanizmu infekcji wirusa HIV. Określenie znaczenia wirusa brodawczaka ludzkiego HPV w procesie nowotworzenia przez Haralda zur Hausena w 2008 r. oraz odkrycie telomerazy przez Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol Greider i Jacka Szostaka w 2011 r. przyniosły dwie Nagrody Nobla. Bez wątpienia komórki HeLa przyczyniły się znacząco do rozwoju nauki, obniżyły koszty wielu eksperymentów oraz umożliwiły wielokrotne ich powtarzanie.
EN
The history of cell culture dates back to the late nineteenth century when Wilhelm Roux for the first time successfully maintained embryonic chicken tissues in a warm saline and established the principles of cells cultivation in vitro. Since that time, scientists have endeavored to keep cells alive in vitro as model systems for experimental studies outside the body. From the very beginning it was thought that culturing cells in vitro would give a chance to find answers to many questions concerning cell biology and structure. The first human cell line was obtained in 1951 from a biopsy for cervical cancer detection. George Gey, an employee of Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, was the creator of the first human line, named HeLa after the patient Henrietta Lacks,. These cells are currently one of the most frequently used cell lines in scientific research. The HeLa cells divide rapidly and their contamination may lead to overgrowth of other cell cultures. Recent studies of the HeLa genome have confirmed the special character of these cells, resulting from altered chromosome number and structural disorder, as well as from altered expression of genes responsible for the metabolic pathways connected with DNA repair and the cell cycle. More than 70,000 articles in various scientific journals have been published on the basis of experiments using HeLa cells. There are over 50 million tons of these cells in laboratories around the world. The HeLa line has contributed to the development of techniques for conservation and culturing of cells. The use of HeLa permitted the discovery of the polio vaccine and the mechanism of HIV infection. The description of the role of HPV in the development of tumors and the discovery of telomerase, both findings made with the use of HeLa cells, have been awarded Nobel Prizes. Without a doubt, HeLa cells have significantly contributed to the advance of science, to reduction of the costs of experiments, and have enabled numerous repetitions of experiments.
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2002
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vol. 49
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issue 3
643-650
EN
Integrin subunits present on human bladder cells displayed heterogeneous functional specificity in adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins (ECM). The non-malignant cell line (HCV29) showed significantly higher adhesion efficiency to collagen IV, laminin (LN) and fibronectin (FN) than cancer (T24, Hu456) and v-raf transfected (BC3726) cell lines. Specific antibodies to the α2, a5 and β1 integrin subunits inhibited adhesion of the non-malignant cells, indicating these integrin participation in the adhesion to ECM proteins. In contrast, adhesion of cancer cells was not inhibited by specific antibodies to the β1 integrin subunit. Antibodies to α3 integrin increased adhesion of cancer cells to collagen, LN and FN, but also of the HCV29 line with colagen. It seems that α3 subunit plays a major role in modulation of other integrin receptors especially in cancer cells. Differences in adhesion to ECM proteins between the non-malignant and cancer cell lines in response to Gal and Fuc were not evident, except for the v-raf transfected cell line which showed a distinct about 6-fold increased adhesion to LN on addition of both saccharides. N-Acetylneuraminic acid inhibited adhesion of all cell lines to LN and FN irrespective of their malignancy.
Kosmos
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2016
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vol. 65
|
issue 1
23-32
PL
Dżdżownice posiadają silne, bardzo efektywnie funkcjonujące komórkowe i humoralne mechanizmy odpornościowe pozwalające przetrwać im w ich naturalnym, bogatym w patogeny środowisku. Z badań licznych zespołów wynika, że w tkankach dżdżownic występują białka, które wykazują między innymi właściwości bakteriostatyczne, cytolityczne, antyoksydacyjne oraz przeciwnowotworowe. Cytotoksyczne składniki (m.in. cytolityczny czynnik celomatyczny czy białko cytolityczne - eiseniapore) wypełniającego wtórną jamę ciała płynu celomatycznego powodują między innymi lizę fibroblastów i erytrocytów kręgowców. Białka płynu celomatycznego mogą także stymulować ekspresję czynników wzrostu i pomagać w gojeniu ran, poprzez stymulację proliferacji i różnicowania fibroblastów i komórek nabłonkowych. Ponadto, zawarte w płynie celomatycznym dżdżownic peptydazy serynowe (np. peptydazy PI i PII) wykazują bardzo silne działanie fibrynolityczne i antykoagulacyjne, Coraz częściej białka dżdżownicowe bada się także w kontekście ich właściwości przeciwnowotworowych. Pozwoliło to między innymi na stwierdzenie, że płyn celomatyczny w sposób zależny od stężenia pobudza w warunkach in vitro apoptozę nowotworowych linii komórkowych. Omówione w niniejszej pracy zagadnienia przybliżają potencjał tkwiący w cząsteczkach biologicznie czynnych pozyskanych z organizmów dżdżownic. Stwierdzić jednak należy, że aczkolwiek wizja potencjalnego zastosowania dżdżownic w terapiach przeciwnowotworowych jest kusząca, z pewnością przed rozpoczęciem badań na poziomie klinicznym potrzeba więcej analiz i eksperymentów zarówno in vitro, jak i na modelach zwierzęcych.
EN
Earthworms have strong and very efficient cellular and humoral immune mechanisms adapting them to survive in their natural environment which is rich in pathogens. Numerous studies showed that earthworm proteins exhibit bacteriostatic, cytolytic, antioxidant and anticancer properties. Cytotoxic components of coelomic fluid (including cytolytic factor or coelomic cytolytic factor - eiseniapore), cause lysis of vertebrate fibroblasts and erythrocytes. Moreover, proteins from coelomic fluid may also increase expression of growth factors and assist in wound healing by stimulating proliferation and differentiation of fibroblasts and epithelial cells. In addition, the coelomic fluid contains serine peptidases (eg. peptidase PI and PII) with very strong fibrinolytic and anticoagulant properties. Recently, numerous studies reported that earthworm proteins, in a concentration dependent manner, stimulate apoptosis of tumor cell lines in vitro and therefore are a potential source of anticancer agents. Issues discussed in this paper indicate healing potential of biologically active molecules derived from earthworms. However, it should be noted that although the idea of their application in anti-cancer therapies is alluring, certainly more analyses and experiments, both in vitro and in animal models, are required before any clinical testing can be performed.
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2015
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vol. 62
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issue 2
323-328
EN
Although both uveal (UM) and cutaneous (CM) melanoma cells derive from the transformed melanocytes, their biology varies significantly in several aspects. Malignant transformation is frequently associated with alternations in cell glycosylation, in particular those concerning branched complex-type N-glycans. These changes occur principally in β1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT-III) that catalyzes the synthesis of glycans with bisected N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and β1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) that is involved in forming β1,6-branched antenna in complex-type glycans. We searched for the reasons of a different behavior of CM and UM cells in the expression of GnT-III and GnT-V and their oligosaccharide products. Our study showed that UM cells have more β1,6-branched glycans than CM cells, what results from a higher expression of MGAT5 gene encoding GnT-V. The higher β1,6-branching of glycans in UM may contribute to their higher potential to migrate on fibronectin and weaker binding to main extracellular matrix proteins, observed in our previous studies.
EN
The metastatic transformation of melanocytes is associated with altered expression of adhesion molecules, including αvβ3 and α3β1 integrins. Integrin αvβ3 is a primary vitronectin (VN) receptor, while both integrin types take part in adhesion to VN when they are in complex with uPAR. Although their role in melanoma cell interaction with VN is of great interest, the influence of N-oligosaccharides attached to these glycoproteins is still unappreciated. The present study assesses the role of αvβ3 and α3β1 integrins and the influence of their glycosylation status on WM9 and WM239 metastatic melanoma cell interactions with VN. Cell adhesion to and migration on VN were selected as the studied cell behaviour parameters. Functionblocking antibodies and swainsonine (SW) treatment were used in these tests. Both cell lines interacted with VN in an integrin-mediated but cell-line-specific manner. In WM9 cells, migration was not completely inhibited by antibodies against α3β1 or αvβ3 integrins, suggesting the participation of other VN receptors. In both cell lines in coprecipitation test the formation of an integrins/uPAR complex was shown. In the presence of SW formation of the complex did not occur, suggesting the participation of glycosylation in this proccess. Additionally, the adhesion properties of WM9 cells were changed after SW treatment. Our results suggest that in these two metastatic cell lines integrin-linked N-oligosaccharides influence the VN adhesion receptor activity and function.
EN
There is a growing line of evidence that glycosylation of α and β subunits is important for the function of integrins. Integrin α3β1, from human ureter epithelium cell - line HCV29, was isolated by affinity chromatography on laminin GD6 peptide. Characterization of its carbohydrate moieties was carried out using sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by Western blotting on Immobilon P and on-blot deglycosylation with peptide N-glycosidase-F. Profiles of N-glycans for each subunit were obtained by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Our findings demonstrated, in both subunits of integrin α3β1, the presence of complex type oligosaccharides with a wide heterogeneity. Bi- tri- and tetraantennary structures were the most common, while high-mannose type structures were minor. Also the presence of short poly-N-acetyllactosamine entities was shown. These results show that while the predominant oligosaccharides of both subunits are identical, some slight differences between them do exist.
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