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Endoplasmic reticulum quality control and apoptosis.

100%

Groenendyk J., Michalak M.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

2005

vol. 52

issue 2

381-395

The ER is one of the most important folding compartments within the cell, as well as an intracellular Ca^(2+) storage organelle and it contains a number of Ca^(2+) regulated molecular chaperones responsible for the proper folding of glycosylated as well as non-glycosylated proteins. The luminal environment of the ER contains Ca^(2+) which is involved in regulating chaperones such as calnexin and calreticulin, as well as apoptotic proteins caspase-12 and Bap31, which may play an important role in determining cellular sensitivity to ER stress and apoptosis. The ER quality control system consists of several molecular chaperones, including calnexin, that assist in properly folding proteins and transporting them through the ER as well as sensing misfolded proteins, attempting to refold them and if this is not possible, targeting them for degradation. Accumulation of misfolded protein in the ER leads to activation of genes responsible for the expression of ER chaperones. The UPR mechanism involves transcriptional activation of chaperones by the membrane-localized transcription factor ATF6, in conjunction with the ER membrane kinase IRE1, as well as translational repression of protein synthesis by another ER membrane kinase PERK. When accumulation of misfolded protein becomes toxic, apoptosis is triggered, potentially with IRE1 involved in signaling via caspase-12. Both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways appear to culminate in the activation of caspases and this results in the recruitment of mitochondria in an essential amplifying manner. Bap31 may direct pro-apoptotic crosstalk between the ER and the mitochondria via Ca^(2+) in conjunction with caspase-12 and calnexin. Accordingly, ER stress and the resultant Ca^(2+) release must be very carefully regulated because of their effects in virtually all areas of cell function.

Sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles and glycogen-protein particles in microsomal fraction of skeletal muscle

81%

Michalak M., Gabriela Sarzała M., Drabikowski W.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

1977

vol. 24

issue 2

105-116

CHITOSAN-DERIVATIVES IN COMBINATIONS WITH SELECTED PORPHYRINOIDS AS NOVEL HYBRID MATERIALS FOR MEDICINE AND PHARMACY

52%

Szczepański R., Gadomska L., Michalak M., Bakun P., Pawlak K., Goslinski T., Ziegler-Borowska M., Czarczynska-Goslinska B.

Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin and its Derivatives

2020

vol. 25

63 - 78

Chitosan and its derivatives are renewable biopolymers characterized by high biocompatibility; therefore, they are harmless to humans and allow immune tolerance and improved hydrophilicity. Moreover, chitosan has been the most studied of all polysaccharides used in biomedical applications during the last decade. Combinations of chitosan and porphyrinoid compounds in hybrid materials have revealed many potential applications for biomedical sciences. The main advantage of such materials is an increase in the solubility of porphyrinoids in body fluids and therefore greater release of singlet oxygen to the treated tissue. Chitosan-based drug delivery systems can improve the targeting of porphyrinoids and their release at predetermined locations and finally achieve desired therapeutic effects with minimal side effects. Hence, porphyrinoid-chitosan materials can be applied in drug delivery systems, cancer theranostics and magnetic resonance imaging. The combination of chitosan and porphyrinoids also appears useful in the healing and repairing of damaged organs, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, as well as dressing materials. Huge benefits are related to the treatment of wounds, which has been presented for self-healing hydrogels based on chitosan and porphyrinoids. Furthermore, the chitosan/porphyrinoid combinations have revealed enormous benefits for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy.

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2 Acta Biochimica Polonica

1 Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin and its Derivatives

1 2020

1 2005

1 1977

3 Michalak M.

1 Bakun P.

1 Czarczynska-Goslinska B.

1 Drabikowski W.

1 Gabriela Sarzała M.

1 Gadomska L.

1 Goslinski T.

1 Groenendyk J.

1 Pawlak K.

1 Szczepański R.

1 Ziegler-Borowska M.

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Endoplasmic reticulum quality control and apoptosis.

Sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles and glycogen-protein particles in microsomal fraction of skeletal muscle

CHITOSAN-DERIVATIVES IN COMBINATIONS WITH SELECTED PORPHYRINOIDS AS NOVEL HYBRID MATERIALS FOR MEDICINE AND PHARMACY