The curriculum of the Medical Faculty is a result of a compromise between the need to upgrade and extend the material and the immutability of study duration. In result of reduction of time for acquisition of basic practical skills.The aim of the study was to evaluate the current curriculum by students and answer the question: What are the students' expectations of teaching surgery? and to compare the opinion in two academic centers in Poland.Material and methods. The survey embraced 85 students of the Medical Faculty of IV (25.9%), V (22.35%) and VI (51.75%) year of the Medical University of Gdańsk and VI year students of the Pomeranian University of Szczecin (PUM- 34%). Students completed a 19-item questionnaire, send by e-mail. Questions were closed (yes / no or grades 1-5) with the option of opinion adding to each item. The Statistica (version 9) package for calculations was used. Differences with p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Qualitative data (opinions) were prepared in the form of summary tables, generalized or quoted.Results. Satisfaction with the education of students amounted to 2,1-2,4 (on a scale 1-5). There is a weak association between gender and choice of surgical specialties. Declaring an interest in surgery does not affect the assessment of classes. Most students believe that the amount of theoretical classes is sufficient, there is lack of practical classes. Among procedures they want to learn, most often were mentioned: bladder catheterization, suturing, wound treatment and putting stomach tube. Additionally, they pay attention to the lack of affordable learning materials.Conclusions. Students expect a full "non-corridor" utilization of classes, learn and practice the basic and most frequent activities at the patient. They are dissatisfied with the current training methods, and would be taught in a diverse and active way.
Current standard of management of squamous cell vulvar cancer appears overly aggressive for early clinical stages (FIGO I and II), where true incidence of lymph node metastases is below 20%, and far too conservative for late stages (FIGO III and IV), where no effective complementary treatment is available. In view of these facts, entirely novel therapeutic approach should be developed in order to improve treatment outcomes. Nowadays, the role of immune therapy in oncology is increasing rapidly. New antigens and new therapeutic techniques are introduced. Cancer antigens discovered to date may be classified into: widespread antigens – present both in malignant cells and in several normal tissues (MUC2, PRAME, SART-1, RU-1); differentiating antigens – present in malignant cells and in their normal predecessors (CEA, PSA and melanoma antigens: gp100, MART-1, tyrosinase); cancer-specific antigens – present only in malignant cells (ras oncogene, ß-catenin, CDK4, MUM-1); cancer/testis antigens (C/TA), which normally are present in the testes only. The aim of this paper was to present an update on C/TA, this being a relatively novel, poorly understood and very promising family of antigens. Absence of C/TA antigens beyond cancer tissue and their exquisite ability to induce immune response (both celland humoral-mediated), makes them an attractive target for immune therapy, particularly in the females.
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Obowiązujący standard leczenia płaskonabłonkowego raka sromu jest zbyt rozległy dla wczesnych stadiów choroby (FIGO I, FIGO II), gdzie rzeczywista częstość występowania przerzutów do węzłów chłonnych nie przekracza 20%, i niewystarczający dla zaawansowanych (FIGO III, FIGO IV), dla których brak jest skutecznego leczenia uzupełniającego. Uwzględniając wszystkie powyższe fakty, należy poszukiwać całkowicie nowych metod terapeutycznych, które mogłyby poprawić wyniki leczenia. W ostatnim czasie szczególnego znaczenia w onkologii nabiera immunoterapia. Pojawiają się nowe antygeny i nowe sposoby terapii. Poznane dotychczas antygeny nowotworowe można podzielić na: powszechnie występujące – obecne zarówno w komórkach nowotworowych, jak i różnych komórkach prawidłowych (MUC2, PRAME, SART-1, RU1); antygeny różnicowania – obecne na komórkach nowotworowych i prawidłowych komórkach, z których wywodzi się nowotwór (CEA, PSA oraz antygeny czerniaka: gp100, MART-1 i tyrozynaza); antygeny swoiste dla nowotworu – obecne tylko w komórkach nowotworowych (onkogen ras, ß-katenina, CDK4, MUM-1); antygeny rakowo-jądrowe C/TA – cancer/testis antigens, które z wyjątkiem jąder nie występują w zdrowych tkankach ludzkich. Celem pracy było przedstawienie najnowszej wiedzy dotyczącej antygenów rakowo-jądrowych, gdyż jest to stosunkowo nowa, mało znana i bardzo obiecująca grupa antygenów. Nieobecność antygenów rakowo-jądrowych C/TA poza tkankami nowotworowymi oraz ich wybitna zdolność do indukowania odpowiedzi immunologicznej (komórkowej i humoralnej) czyni je szczególnie atrakcyjnymi celami dla immunoterapii, zwłaszcza u kobiet.
Chemotherapy in the treatment of malignant tumors in pregnant women potentially threatens life and development of the fetus. Aim of paper: The purpose of this paper was to update current knowledge concerning the role of chemotherapy in combination therapy of gynecologic malignancies complicating pregnancy and to review available literature focusing on potential sequels of administration of chemotherapeutics at different time-points in pregnancy, with particular emphasis on fetal development, course of pregnancy and future lot of the child. Method: The PubMed database was searched using the following key words: methotrexate; 5-fluorouracil; aminopterin; thioguanine; mercaptopurine; cyclophosphamide; busulfan; ifosfamide; chlorambucil; dacarbazine; doxorubicin; daunorubicin; adriamycin; idarubicin; epirubicin; dactinomycin; bleomycin; mitoxantrone; vincristine; vinblastine; vinorelbine; paclitaxel; docetaxel; cisplatin; carboplatin; prednisone; tamoxifen; etoposide; teniposide; allopurinol; malformation; IUGR; chemotherapy; pregnancy. Search criteria were fulfilled by 33 papers (selected chemotherapeutic agent/pregnancy/malformation), which subsequently underwent content-related analysis. Conclusions: A decision on the use of chemotherapy during pregnancy should be made depending on type and stage of malignancy. It at all possible, administration of cytostatics should be delayed until the end of first trimester. If the patient requires multidrug therapy in the first trimester, she should receive anthracycline-derived antibiotics combined with Vinca alkaloids or should be placed on monotherapy and after 12 weeks shift to a multidrug regimen. Delivery should be planned for the 35th gestational week and 2-3 weeks after termination of chemotherapy in order to allow recovery of bone-marrow function.
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Chemioterapia w leczeniu nowotworów złośliwych u kobiet w ciąży stanowi potencjalne zagrożenie dla życia i rozwoju płodu. Celem pracy było przybliżenie wiedzy na temat udziału chemioterapii w leczeniu skojarzonym nowotworów ginekologicznych wikłających ciążę oraz dokonanie przeglądu doniesień medycznych pod kątem skutków zastosowania poszczególnych czynników chemioterapeutycznych w różnych trymestrach ciąży, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wpływu na rozwój płodu, przebieg ciąży i dalsze losy dziecka. Metoda: Przy użyciu słów kluczowych: methotrexate; 5-fluorouracil; aminopterin; thioguanine; mercaptopurine; cyclophosphamide; busulfan; ifosfamide; chlorambucil; dacarbazine; doxorubicin; daunorubicin; adriamycin; idarubicin; epirubicin; dactinomycin; bleomycin; mitoxantrone; vincristine; vinblastine; vinorelbine; paclitaxel; docetaxel; cisplatin; carboplatin; prednisone; tamoxifen; etoposide; teniposide; allopurinol; malformation; IUGR; chemotherapy; pregnancy przeszukano bazę PubMed. Odnaleziono 33 artykuły anglojęzyczne spełniające kryteria wyszukiwania (wybrany czynnik chemioterapeutyczny/ciąża/malformacja), które poddano analizie merytorycznej. Wnioski: Decyzję o chemioterapii w ciąży należy podjąć stosownie do rodzaju nowotworu i jego stopnia zaawansowania klinicznego. Jeśli jest to tylko możliwe, należy odroczyć podawanie cytostatyków do końca pierwszego trymestru. W sytuacji, w której pacjentka wymaga terapii wielolekowej w pierwszym trymestrze, należy rozważyć zastosowanie antybiotyków antracyklinowych w połączeniu z alkaloidami Vinca lub rozpocząć leczenie terapią jednolekową i po 12 tygodniach przejść na schemat wielolekowy. Poród powinien być zaplanowany na 2 do 3 tygodni po zakończeniu chemioterapii, w celu umożliwienia powrotu prawidłowej czynności szpiku (około 35. tygodnia).
Background: Angiogenesis is a key process in the development of a malignant tumor, enabling both growth of primary lesion and spread of metastases. Most potent stimulators of normal and pathological angiogenesis are proteins of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family. Regulation of angiogenesis process is also mediated by neuropilin- 1 (NP-1), as coreceptor VEGFR-2. NP-1 plays a crucial role controlling both normal angiogenesis during embryonal development and pathological angiogenesis in malignant tumors. The aim of this paper was to assess NP-1 expression in ovarian cancer and to analyze correlations between NP-1 expression and selected clinical-pathological factors in a group of ovarian cancer patients. Material and method: Analyzed was the relative level of NP-1 in 168 surgical specimens collected during surgical procedures performed at the Department of Oncologic Gynecology of Medical University in Gdańsk. Tissue samples included: 32 healthy tissues, 42 benign tumors, 10 borderline tumors, 76 ovarian cancers, 8 metastatic tumors. Relative NP-1 level was assessed using Western blotting technology. Results: Overexpression of NP-1 was seen significantly more often in early clinical stages of ovarian cancer (p=0.01), in cancers other than serous (p=0.04) and in patients with peritoneal exudate (p=0.03). Log-rank test did not reveal any significant correlation between NP-1 expression and favorable response to chemotherapy, disease-free survival or total survival time. Conclusions. Elevated NP-1 level seen in initial clinical stages of ovarian cancer may indicate crucial role of neoangiogenesis in the early phase of tumor development.
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