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THE EFFECTS OF WARM-UP DURATION ON CYCLING TIME TRIAL PERFORMANCE IN TRAINED CYCLISTS

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Bunn J. A., Eschbach L. C., Magal M., Wells E. K.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2017
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vol. 17
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issue 1
5-13
EN
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of three different warm-up condi-tions on a 5K cycling time trial (TT). Sixteen trained cyclists completed the study. At the first testing session, participants completed a maximal graded exercise test to assess maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and a familiarization of the TT. At three subse-quent visits, the participants completed the TT after no warm up, short warm-up of three minutes at 60% VO2max, or long warm-up of ten minutes at 60% VO2max. The warm-up was assigned in randomized order. VO2, heart rate (HR), lactate, power, and speed were assessed after the warm-up, 1K, and completion of the 5K TT. There was no dif-ference between type of warm-up for time, power, cadence, speed, VO2, HR, or lactate levels at the end of the TT. There was no significant difference between type of warm-up for time, VO2 or HR at the end of the 1K split. Warm-up length was not impactful on 5K TT performance or during the first km of the TT in trained cyclists. These results con-flict with previous evidence indicating that a warm-up in endurance events primarily improved VO2 kinetics at the onset of the exercise.
2
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PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE AND ACTIVITY-INDUCED SHIFTS IN QUADRICEPS MEDIAN FREQUENCY DURING TREADMILL WALKING: A PRELIMINARY STUDY

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Powell D. W., Walker M. M., Reed-Jones R. J., Bunn J. A.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2015
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vol. 10
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issue 2
13-23
EN
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is associated with altered gait biomechanics. No previous research study has investigated the effect of activity on muscle activation in individuals with PAD. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of PAD on muscle activation in response to a ten-minute walking task. METHODS: Ten healthy young adults, ten healthy older adults and ten individuals with PAD performed a ten-minute treadmill walking trial at a self-selected velocity. Surface EMG was recorded from the vastus lateralis and medial gastrocnemius during five steps in the first and tenth minutes of the walking trial. EMG signals were rectified and smoothed using the root mean squared (RMS) with a 20 ms smoothing window. Peak RMS EMG and median frequencies (MdF) were calculated. Mixed-model ANOVAs with Tukey’s post-hoc was used to determine effects of group and activity on peak RMS EMG and MdF. RESULTS: PAD was associated with significantly greater reductions in MdF of the vastus lateralis compared to healthy young and healthy older adults. No significant differences were observed in peak RMS EMG. DISCUSSION: PAD is associated with exaggerated rates of fatigue in the quadriceps but not the gastrocnemius. Efficacy of evidence-based therapeutic interventions should be further investigated.
3
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Differences in Physiological Influences on Heart Rate Recovery between Trained and Untrained Adults

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Bunn J. A., Wells E. K., Avery M. L., Manor J. P.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2018
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vol. 22
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issue 2
13-21
EN
The purpose of this study was to evaluate differences in heart rate recovery (HRr) in trained and untrained adults, while assessing the role of physiological and emotional factors. Eighteen untrained and 21 trained participants completed a maximal exercise test and a 20-min treadmill exercise at 55–70% heart rate reserve, and emotional state was assessed prior to exercise. Multiple regression was used to assess relationships between heart rate recovery and physiological and emotional assessments. The trained group had a higher relative maximal oxygen consumption (p < 0.001), lower resting heart rate (p < 0.001), and faster short- and long-term heart rate recovery (p < 0.05) than the untrained group. Resting heart rate was the most predictive measure with HRr for the trained group (R = 0.551–0.818), whereas resting heart rate, maximal heart rate, and fitness were predictors of recovery in the untrained group (R = 0.764–0.977). The results show the predominant parasympathetic influence on HRr in the trained group, but indicates influence of fitness and exercise intensity on recovery in the untrained group. Thus, fitness appears to influence HRr in those only with low fitness. This notion may help influence the behavior of untrained individuals to improve fitness to reduce risk of mortality and morbidity.
4
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Functional strength exercise and blood-flow restriction protocols: a systematic review

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Hernandez N. J., Myers B. J., Feito Y., Bunn J. A.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2020
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vol. 31
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issue 3
47-58
EN
Objective: To assess current literature focused on the influence of functional training with blood flow restriction (BFR) on muscular adaptation in adults below the age of 65 years. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed with the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL Complete EBSCOhost, and ScienceDirect. Two researchers filtered the articles according to the criteria and quality, supported by the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) tool. Studies were limited to those with participants with a mean age between18 and 65 years. Articles were peer-reviewed, available in English, and utilized either multi-joint resistance exercises or functional exercise as the intervention. Results: The search yielded 16 studies on uninjured, older adult, injured and athletic subjects. Regardless of the population, the studies tended to favor BFR training for improvements of strength, but this was highly dependent on cuff pressure and training load. Conclusions: Current literature suggests that BFR with functional and or multi-joint strength training is successful in improving strength, hypertrophy, function and in pain reduction. Favorable results with functional BFR included procedures using relative and well-controlled occlusion pressure. More research is necessary to understand the effect of BFR on self-reported outcomes and hypertrophy in athletic and older adults.
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