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Muscle Strength and Power of Elite Female and Male Swimmers

100%
Buśko K., Gajewski J.
Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity
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2011
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vol. 3
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issue 1
13-18
EN
Background: The aim of the study was to examine gender differences in the maximal power and height of rise of the body mass centre, measured in ACMJ (akimbo counter movement jump), BCMJ (bounce counter movement jump) and CMJ (counter movement jump) and maximal muscle torque in elite swimmers who have a similar training load during the season.Material/Methods: Eight male and eight female elite swimmers competing at the international level took part in the study. The maximal power and height of rise of the body mass center were measured at ACMJ, BCMJ and CMJ jumps performed on a dynamometric platform. Maximal muscle torques of elbow, shoulder, knee, hip and trunk flexors and extensors were measured under static conditions on a special stand.Results: Only differences in relative muscle torque of flexors of the left and the right hip, flexors and extensors of the right knee and flexors and extensors of the trunk, the sum of relative muscle torque of the trunk and relative maximal power output measured during BCMJ were not significant between the female and male competitors, while statistically significant differences were observed between the groups in all the remaining variables of physical performances.Conclusions: The results of the present study demonstrate that the male swimmers had much better performance than the female swimmers of comparable physical conditions, but when the results were calculated per body mass, gender differences in some the values were insignificant.
2
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Post-Exercise Decrease in Handgrip Force Following a Single Training Session in Male and Female Climbers

100%
Gajewski J., Jarosiewicz B.
Human Movement
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2008
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vol. 9
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issue 2
121-123
EN
Purpose. The purpose of the study was to reveal a possible relationship between maximal gripping force and climbing ability as well as to compare a decrease in handgrip force caused by training session in male and female climbers. Basic procedures. Seventy-four climbers (49 males and 25 females) took part in a climbing session on artificial wall. Grip force of both hands was measured twice - before and after the training session. Main findings. The subjects self-reported their climbing abilities in a quantitative Australian scale. In both groups, climbing ability correlated with handgrip force related to body mass. Relative force significantly decreased (F1,72 = 53.2, p < 0.001) post-exercise from 6.83 ± 1.16 to 5.96 ± 1.18 N/kg in males and from 5.43 ± 0.91 to 4.94 ± 0.84 N/kg in females. The decrease was significantly greater in male climbers (F1,72 = 4.11, p < 0.05). Conclusions. Less decrease in strength postclimbing in female can positively affect their climbing ability and compensate lower relative handgrip strength. Women should draw more attention to maximal strength training while men to climbing technique and endurance.
3
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Touch In Professional Practice – View Of Physiotherapists

81%
Dadura E., Wójcik A., Gajewski J.
Advances in Rehabilitation
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2013
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vol. 27
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issue 2
9-15
EN
Background: Touch is playing an important role in human’s life. Thanks to it, people can discover the world around them, communicate emotions and create strong bonds. Touch is significant part of every human relationship and especially the relationship between physiotherapist- patient, because the touch is the basic tool of a physiotherapist’s daily life. The goal of this pilot study was to evaluate how the physiotherapists perceive the touch and if they know and follow right recommendations of touch. Material and methods: 80 therapists took part in the study (39 female, 41 male). Average age 30, 36 years (SD 6, 62) and average work experience 6, 62 years (SD 5, 05). They were asked to complete a questionnaire (28 questions) pertaining three aspects of the touch: physiotherapist’s attitude towards touch, psychological aspects of touch and circumstances assuring a comfort of touching. Results: According to the answers physiotherapists treat touch mainly as a technical tool of gathering information and treating. They are aware of influence of the touch on a patient’s psyche and body, it is working in both directions; physiotherapist <=> patient. The majority neither feels nor have any emotions while touching a patient. The respondents made sure that they follow the recommendations of right touch: respecting patients’ rights to autonomy, privacy, information and therapists cared enough about comfort and safeness of their patients. Conclusions: The respondents use the touching as a technical tool while they neglect its psychosocial side. They know and they follow the recommendations of touch in correct way.
4
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Somatic Profile of Competitive Sport Climbers

81%
Tomaszewski P., Gajewski J., Lewandowska J.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2011
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vol. 29
107-113
EN
Since rock climbing grows in popularity, the number of the respective scientific reports increases. However, those concerning anthropometric profile of elite climbers are scarce and inconsistent, thus the aim of the study was to describe the anthropometric characteristics of competitive sport climbers. Male rock climbers (n = 21) aged 17 - 29 years took part in the study; their climbing ability ranged from 6b to 8c in the French scale. Body height, body mass, arm span, length and girths of both extremities, shoulder and pelvis widths, as well as thickness of 5 skinfolds were determined. From these, body mass index (BMI), body fat content and selected anthropometric indices were calculated. Data collected for climbers were compared with those of untrained students (n = 165) of Warsaw Technical University. Although no between-group differences were found for body height, body mass, BMI or body fat content, the climbers exhibited significantly (p<0.001) lower pelvis-to-shoulder ratio, longer lower extremities (p<0.05), and greater arm length and arm span (p<0.001) compared to untrained students. The results of this study do not support the view that climbers are small in stature and of low body mass. It seems that the core of the issue is not in body size but rather in specific body proportions and this may be of great importance in selecting subjects to competitive sport climbing.
5
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Strength profile in young male athletes from different sports

71%
Buśko K., Gajewski J., Mazur-Różycka J., Michalski R., Łach P.
Biomedical Human Kinetics
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2013
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vol. 5
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issue 1
77-83
EN
Study aim: The aim of the present study was to determine a strength profile which characterizes young male athletes from different sports and to use the method of allometry to synthetically evaluate the muscular strength with respect to body mass. Material and methods: The study included 85 men who practiced taekwondo (8 subjects), 20 judoists, 10 weightlifters, 35 canoeists and 12 speed skaters. Measurements of maximal muscle torques in 10 groups of flexors and extensors of the elbow, shoulder, hip, knee and trunk were carried out in a testing station for muscle torque measurements under static conditions. In order to determine the relationships between the body mass and muscle torques in each muscle group, the authors used a procedure of linear regression for the data expressed as logarithms. Hence, the allometric relationship scaled with body mass was obtained. Results: The study demonstrated that the mean values of logarithms of maximal muscle torques are significantly different for the representatives of individual sports and they depend on the logarithm of body mass. The analysis of residuals was employed for the evaluation of maximal muscle torques. The highest strength profiles were observed in athletes who practice judo and the lowest in those who represented weightlifting and taekwondo. Conclusion: The authors propose to use an allometric relationship which takes body mass into consideration during evaluation of strength in individual muscle groups, because the values of muscle torques are not in direct proportion to body mass and their mutual proportions change with an increase in body mass.
6
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The H-reflex modulation in lying and standing positions in young canoeists

71%
Mazur–Różycka J., Gajewski J., Buśko K., Michalski R., Łach P.
Biomedical Human Kinetics
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2014
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vol. 6
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issue 1
EN
Study aim: to evaluate the differences in H-reflex parameters in lying and standing positions in canoeists. Material and methods: twenty seven male canoeists (age 17.2 ± 1.6 year, body mass 73.7 ± 7.6 kg, height 180.9 ± 6.1 cm, training experience 6.5 ± 3.6 years) participated in the study. None of the subjects had any history of neuromuscular disorders. The soleus H-reflex was examined in each subject twice: in lying and standing position. H-reflex was elicited by one-millisecond electrical stimulation of a posterior tibial nerve in the popliteal fossa. A recruitment curve for each subject was obtained by gradually increasing the stimulus intensity. Results: the results obtained in the present study showed statistically significant differences of the variables characterising effects of stimulations performed in lying and standing positions (F4,23 = 8.063; p < 0.001). H/M ratio was 0.50 ± 0.25 and 0.64 ± 0.27 for lying and standing positions, respectively. Our results support previous findings. Conclusions: the lying position is recommended for measurements as more comfortable for subjects and providing a greater level of the elicited H-reflex.
7
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The assessment of muscle strength symmetry in kayakers and canoeists

61%
Wietrzyński M., Mazur-Różycka J., Gajewski J., Michalski R., Różycki S., Buśko K.
Biomedical Human Kinetics
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2013
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vol. 5
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issue 1
65-71
EN
Study aim: To determine and compare the muscle strength profile and muscle strength symmetry of kayakers and canoeists. Material and methods: A total of 36 male participants participated in the study, including 25 kayakers and 9 canoeists. Measurements of maximum muscle torque were taken under static conditions for 10 muscle groups: flexors and extensors of the elbow, shoulder, knee, hip, and trunk. Muscle torque was allometrically scaled by body mass. To determine the muscle strength profiles of athletes in both disciplines, residual analysis was used. Two methods were utilized to assess and compare the muscle strength symmetry between left and right limbs. The first one is known as intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The second one is an asymmetry coefficient proposed by authors. Results: The study showed that kayakers obtained lower rates of asymmetry indicators than canoeists in most muscle groups. An overall asymmetry coefficient amounted to 0.77 ± 0.20 and 0.99 ± 0.31 (p < 0.05) for kayakers and canoeists, respectively. Moreover, it was observed that the kayakers and canoeists had similar strength profile. The symmetry assessment of maximum muscle torque corresponds to the characteristics of the studied disciplines. Conclusions: The intraclass correlation coefficient is recommended as a measure of strength symmetry for muscle groups comparisons. The asymmetry coefficient is recommended for comparison of individuals.
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