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Empowering Crops: How Organic, Agronomic Practices and Technology Can Fortify Our Fields

100%
Hayat M. K., Khan A. R., Klutse S., Rasool M. W., Mohsin M.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2025
|
vol. 59
358-383
EN
Global food security hinges on boosting crop productivity to meet the projected 44% surge in food demand by 2050. Current agricultural systems face significant challenges from both abiotic and biotic stressors. Abiotic factors like drought, heat, and salinity, and biotic factors such as pests, diseases, and weeds, severely limit crop yields. Drought alone can decimate wheat yields by up to 21% and maize yields by a staggering 40%. Healthy soil is paramount for robust crop production. Soil rich in organic matter fosters nutrient uptake, water retention, and beneficial microbial activity, all critical for plant growth. A thriving soil ecosystem supports strong root development, disease resistance, and improved soil structure, enhancing aeration and drainage. Research indicates that soil fertility contributes to as much as 60% of crop yield, highlighting its crucial role. However, climate change, population growth, and resource depletion strain agricultural systems. Water scarcity, pests, diseases, nutrient imbalances, and extreme weather events further threaten crop productivity. Addressing these challenges requires a holistic approach centered on soil health. Sustainable soil management practices, including cover cropping, reduced tillage, and the use of organic amendments, are essential for restoring and maintaining soil health. These practices improve soil structure, water infiltration, and nutrient cycling, creating a more resilient and productive agricultural system. Precision agriculture, using technologies like remote sensing and GIS, optimizes resource use and crop management. Data analysis of soil, crop, and environmental factors enables targeted interventions and customized input application, maximizing yields and minimizing environmental impact. Integrating precision agriculture with soil health management builds resilient agricultural systems crucial for global food security. This combined approach supports a sustainable agricultural future capable of feeding the growing population while protecting the environment.
2
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Investigating the Interactive Effects of Gibberellic Acid and Water Regimes on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Grain Yield

86%
Nouman M., Hayat M. K., Aslam Z., Anjum S., Usman M., Saeed M. S.
World News of Natural Sciences
|
2025
|
vol. 59
267-293
EN
Wheat is a crucial crop in Pakistan, with production increasing due to improved practices. However, water scarcity and climate change pose significant threats. It highlights the importance of sustainable agricultural practices, including efficient water management, climate-resilient varieties, and integrated crop management. It also explores the potential of plant growth regulators like gibberellic acid in mitigating the negative impacts of stress factors on wheat yield. A field experiment was conducted in Faisalabad, Pakistan, to assess the impact of gibberellic acid (GA3) on wheat yield under varying water regimes. An RCBD split design with three replications was used. Treatments included three GA3 levels (0, 100, and 200 mg L-1) and three water regimes: control, skip irrigation at booting, and skip irrigation at grain filling. Wheat cultivar Akbar-2019 was sown in November 2023. This study investigated the interactive effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and water regimes on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield. A field experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included three levels of GA3 (0, 100, and 200 mg L-1) and three water regimes: control (four irrigations), skip irrigation at the booting stage, and skip irrigation at the grain formation stage. Results showed significant main effects of GA3 and water regimes on plant height, spike length, 1000-grain weight, grain protein content, harvest index, and inter-nodal length. The highest values for most parameters were observed in the treatment with 200 mg L-1 GA3 and skip irrigation at the grain formation stage. The interaction between GA3 and water regimes was significant for grain protein content and harvest index. Overall, the findings suggest that GA3 application, particularly at 200 mg L-1, can partially mitigate the negative impacts of water stress on wheat yield components. However, the optimal combination of GA3 and water regime may vary depending on specific environmental conditions and cultivar characteristics. Further research is needed to optimize GA3 application rates and timing for different water stress scenarios.
3
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Maximizing Cotton Yield and Quality: The Interplay of Canopy Structure and Planting Density

73%
Klutse S., Duncan G. B., Akomaning I., Faisal M., Iqbal A., Rasool M. W., Belizaire P. J., Botchway E., Hayat M. K., BA O.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2025
|
vol. 59
413-429
EN
Cotton, a globally significant cash crop, demands optimized cultivation practices to ensure sustainable yields and superior fiber quality. This study underscores the critical role of canopy management and planting density in achieving these objectives. By strategically manipulating canopy architecture through techniques such as pruning and chemical topping, growers can significantly enhance light penetration and nutrient distribution within the cotton plant. These practices contribute to improved boll development, increased boll number, and enhanced boll weight, ultimately boosting overall yield. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of planting density in optimizing light interception and microclimate conditions within the canopy. Higher planting densities generally lead to increased light interception, which positively impacts photosynthesis and subsequent yield. However, it is crucial to find the optimal balance as excessive density can negatively impact boll weight and fiber quality. The complex interplay between canopy management and planting density is evident in their influence on various physiological parameters. Canopy temperature, water-use efficiency, and nitrogen uptake are significantly affected by these factors. By carefully managing canopy structure and plant spacing, growers can create favorable microclimatic conditions for cotton growth and development. In nut shells, highlights the need for a holistic approach to cotton cultivation, emphasizing the integration of canopy management and planting density strategies. By optimizing these factors, farmers can improve resource utilization, enhance yield, and maintain fiber quality, thereby contributing to the sustainability and profitability of cotton production.
4
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Introduction to Organic Agriculture - From Haber-Bosch to Howard: A Century of Agricultural Transformation

73%
Hayat M. K., Khan T. Y., Azam M. A., Imran F., Ifra I., Shan M., Belizaire P. J., Rehman M. N. U., Majeed U., Oumar B.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2025
|
vol. 60
40-64
EN
Agriculture, the science and practice of cultivating plants and raising livestock, has been fundamental to human civilization, enabling the development of sedentary communities and food surpluses. Traditional farming methods, relying on natural practices like crop rotation and composting, gave way to synthetic fertilizers and pesticides in the early 1900s, raising concerns about soil health and food safety. The Haber-Bosch process, developed in the early 20th century, revolutionized fertilizer production by synthesizing ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen, significantly boosting agricultural yields. However, visionaries like Sir Albert Howard and Rudolf Steiner advocated for practices mimicking nature's cycles, emphasizing soil health and laying the groundwork for organic agriculture. Conventional agriculture, characterized by mechanization and reliance on synthetic inputs, has greatly increased food production. However, this approach raises concerns about environmental impacts such as soil degradation, water pollution, and biodiversity loss. Studies indicate pesticide use, while boosting crop yields, contaminates food and the environment, posing health risks. In China, agricultural emissions increased by 410 Mt CO2 eq between 2001 and 2018, primarily due to fertilization and irrigation in maize, fruit, and vegetable production. Animal husbandry, another key aspect of agriculture, involves breeding and raising domestic animals for food, fiber, and labor. In India, low livestock productivity necessitates a bottom-up breeding policy and improved market linkages. Aquaculture, the cultivation of aquatic organisms, is increasingly vital for global food supply. Asia dominates global aquaculture, producing over 91% of the world's farmed aquatic animals and plants (102.9 million tonnes in 2017). However, monoculture practices increase disease risk, and chemical use poses environmental risks. Forestry, the management of forests and woodlands, provides timber, fuelwood, wildlife habitat, and clean water. Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are crucial for the livelihoods of 275 million poor rural Indians, but overexploitation and deforestation threaten these resources. Sustainable development strategies are needed to balance resource conservation with livelihood needs.
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