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1
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The Relationship Between Biomechanical Indicators of the Snatch Technique and Female Weightlifters' Levels

100%
Szyszka P., Mastalerz A.
Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism
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2015
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vol. 21
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issue 4
218-222
EN
Introduction. The snatch technique is a discipline in Olympic weightlifting. The lifter has to raise the barbell from the platform directly above their head in one movement. While reviewing the literature on biomechanical analysis of the techniques of weightlifting, one can find positions on the analysis of parameters, such as barbell track, horizontal displacement, and angular positions of the joints in the individual phases of the lifter's movement. Many texts concern female and male lifters taking part in World or European Championships. The parameters of the best competitors are outlined - mostly those who finish in the top five places in competition. Mostly these are parameters regarding male lifters, and less frequently those of female lifters. In the literature review, an overlooked aspect is that of the definition of the diversity of indicators as regards the snatch technique practiced by female lifters depending on score. Material and methods. In the research, registered snatch attempts during the World Championship were used. Videos were used by judges to establish a maximum weight limit for female lifters. The attempts were registered by two cameras and were later digitally processed by the APAS 2000 system. Barbell parameters, maximum speed, average of the bar, and the parameters of the lifter-bar collocation (horizontal displacement of barbell weights and height elevation) were assessed. Results. The analysed attempts show the margin of error for measurement of the average speed of the barbell as 0.03 m/s. The difference in maximum speed of analysed attempts is 15%. The height of clearance of the first-placed female lifter's barbell was 12.7 cm, 30 cm for the last-placed. Conclusions. The sporting level of weightlifting by female lifters influences the analysed biomechanical indicators of the snatch. Those indicators, which are similar in the case of both the World Championship winner and the female lifter who came last, may be described as the average speeds of the barbell. The high sporting level of female lifters performing heavy lifting is characterized by the clearance of the barbell.
2
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The Effectiveness of Different Types of Verbal Feedback on Learning Complex Movement Tasks

81%
Niznikowski T., Sadowski J., Mastalerz A.
Human Movement
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2013
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vol. 14
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issue 2
148-153
EN
Purpose. The purpose of the study was to assess the effectiveness of different types of verbal feedback in the learning of a complex movement task. Methods. Twenty university students took part in a six-week training course learning how to correctly execute the vertical jump. The participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: Group E&P received verbal feedback on errors made during movement execution and on how to improve, Group P obtained verbal feedback only when they correctly performed the task, and Group E was provided with verbal feedback only when an error was made. Performance was measured on three separate occasions, before the training course (pre-training), one day after (post-training) and seven days after completing the course (retention) by executing the vertical jump in front of three gymnastic judges who scored their performance on a scale of 1 to 10. Jump kinematics were also measured pre-training and post-training by recording landing force and flight time on a force platform. Results. Post-hoc comparison indicated that a significant improvement in performance was observed only in the group receiving verbal feedback on errors (E). Judges’ scores received in post-training were significantly higher than those measured pre-training (10.3 %; p < 0.0003) and further increased to 14.4 % in the retention test (p < 0.0001). Judges’ scores for the groups receiving verbal feedback on errors and correctness (E&P) and only correctness (P) improved insignificantly. Conclusions. Providing too much verbal feedback when learning the vertical jump turned out to be less effective than providing limited verbal feedback only when errors were made.
3
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Power Training Efficiency After Single Joint and Multiple Joint Exercises

81%
Mastalerz A., Lutosławska G., Urbanik C.
Human Movement
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2009
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vol. 10
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issue 2
153-157
EN
Purpose. Single joint (open kinetic chain) and multiple joint (closed kinetic chain) exercises have been recommended in rehabilitation of patients with anterior knee pain. Single joint exercises are common exercises to strengthen selected muscle groups. The advantage of single joint exercises is a low risk of pain due to their limited technical complexity. Multiple joint exercises are more demanding from the standpoint of human motor performance. The efficiency of power training after single and multiple joint exercises was the aim of the study. Basic procedures. Forty eight men constituted the study sample (aged 22 ± 0.8 years, body weight - 78.3 ± 6.4 kg, body height 183 ± 5.6 cm). They were informed about the experimental procedure as well as the purpose of the study, and gave their consent to take part in the experiment. That study was approved by the local research ethics committee. After control measurements the participants were randomized into four groups (n = 12 each): two groups performing multiple joint exercises (A - jumps on an inclined plane, B - vertical jumps), and two single joint exercises (C - knee extensions with linear resistance load - elastic loads, D - knee extensions with inertial loads). The exercises were carried out in four-week exercise sessions, for five days a week. 4 sets of 10 reps (jumps or extensions) with 120-second intervals were applied during each session. The counter movement jump power (on a Kistler force plate with BioWare 4.0 software), during isokinetic knee motion at 240, 180, 60 and 30 deg/s (Biodex Medical System 3 Pro) and EMG (Mega Electronics System) of the Rectus Femoris and Vastus Lateralis muscles were recorded seven times (once before, three times during and three times after training). Main findings. The external load for single and multiple joint exercises was adjusted by individual power of motion. However the training volume (external work) was lowered twice during training with single joint exercises. Muscle force during isokinetic tests was significantly correlated with velocity achieved during training. Therefore the homogeneity of the movement structure between training and control exercises is required. Conclusions. Velocity of motion during exercise and time of muscle work are the most important factors determining efficiency of single- and multiple-joint exercises.
4
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Maximal Grip Force During Holding A Cylindrical Handle with Different Diameters

81%
Mastalerz A., Nowak E., Palczewska I., Kalka E.
Human Movement
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2009
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vol. 10
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issue 1
26-30
EN
Purpose. The purpose of the study was to estimate the effects of cylindrical handle diameter and handle position on maximal grip force in young males and females. Basic procedures. The maximal voluntary grip force perpendicular to the surface of the handle was estimated using a glove with 320 sensors (Tekscan, USA - GripTM System). Individual digit and palm forces were studied. Different handle diameters (20, 30, 40 and 50 mm) and handle positions (vertical, natural - vertical handle with 12 deg of ulnar deviation of the hand, and horizontal) were applied during measurement. Main findings. Using handles and hand tools frequently leads to the feeling of discomfort in daily life. In a longer term, using improper handles and hand tools may also cause musculoskeletal disorders. Poor wrist positioning and handle diameter can diminish grip strength. The ideal diameter and wrist position during holding a tool handle was determined for males and females using maximal grip strength measurements. The obtained results showed that a tool handle diameter of 20 to 30 mm is optimal for the general population. Further research should be carried out to estimate the impact of wrist positioning in the elderly. Conclusions. The handle positioning is not a significant factor influencing hand grip force capabilities for young men and women. The grip force of three digits did not significantly vary for different handle positions used in the study. The optimal handle diameter for maximal grip force was estimated to be between 20 and 30 mm, and the diameter was larger for men. On the basis of results for individual digits the 30 mm diameter was chosen as optimal for both sexes.
5
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Benefits of Bandwidth Feedback in Learning a Complex Gymnastic Skill

81%
Sadowski J., Mastalerz A., Niznikowski T.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2013
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vol. 37
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issue 1
183-193
EN
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of two different frequencies of feedback during the process of learning a complex gymnastic skill, the round-off salto backward tucked. Thirty male acrobats participated in the study. They were randomly assigned to two groups: B - bandwidth feedback (n=15) or C - 100% feedback (n=15). Group B was provided with error information regarding the key elements of movement techniques only (bandwidth feedback). Our research demonstrates the advantage of augmented feedback information related to errors in the key elements. Information about errors in the key elements during learning a complex gymnastic skill prevents the gymnast from becoming overwhelmed, which promotes better motor control. These results provide support for the generalisation of bandwidth feedback principles to a complex task. Our research shows that the guidance hypothesis can also be tested in practical settings for a complex movement task.
6
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Effects of Strength Training on Physical Capacities of the Disabled with Cervical Spine Injuries

81%
Tabęcki R., Kosmol A., Mastalerz A.
Human Movement
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2009
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vol. 10
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issue 2
126-129
EN
Purpose. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of strength training on the physical capacities of disabled persons with cervical spine injuries. Basic procedures. The study sample consisted of four disabled subjects with C4-C6 cervical spine injury, who were active Paralympic athletes (one swimmer and three wheelchair rugby players) from the Foundation of Active Rehabilitation. The study was carried out over a period of 15 months. The Biodex System 3 Pro isokinetic dynamometer and an arm cycloergometer were used for measurements. The measurements of muscle torques at the shoulder joint were carried out at 8-week intervals using the Biodex dynamometer. Main findings. The test results revealed a correlation between the body's physical endurance and strength capacities of subjects with cervical spine injuries. The "Upperton" strength training equipment modified for tetraplegics allowed maximal loading of the disabled athletes' shoulder girdle. Conclusions. Strength training improves the maximal force of arms in tetraplegics and positively affects their physical endurance. Tetraplegics can take advantage of strength training only by using hand-fixed weights, due to the limited function of arm flexors, including the greatly reduced hand gripping function. Strength training is an indispensable element of rehabilitation of tetraplegics.
7
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Effectiveness of the Power Dry-Land Training Programmes in Youth Swimmers

81%
Sadowski J., Mastalerz A., Gromisz W., Niźnikowski T.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2012
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vol. 32
77-86
EN
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of the dry-land power training on swimming force, swimming performance and strength in youth swimmers. Twenty six male swimmers, free from injuries and training regularly at least 6 times a week, were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned to one of two groups: experimental (n=14, mean age 14.0 ± 0.5 yrs, mean height 1.67±0.08 m and mean body mass 55.71 ±9.55 kg) and control (n=12, mean age 14.1 ± 0.5 yrs, mean height 1.61±0.11 m and mean body mass 49.07 ±8.25 kg). The experimental group took part in a combined swimming and dry-land power training. The control group took part in swimming training only. The training programmes in water included a dominant aerobic work in front crawl. In this research the experimental group tended to present slightly greater improvements in sprint performance. However, the stroke frequency insignificantly decreased (-4.30%, p>0.05) in the experimental group and increased (6.28%, p>0.05) in the control group. The distance per stroke insignificantly increased in the experimental group (5.98%, p>0.05) and insignificantly decreased in the control group (-5.36%, p>0.05). A significant improvement of tethered swimming force for the experimental group (9.64%, p<0.02) was found, whereas the increase was not statistically significant in the control group (2.86%, p>0.05). The main data cannot clearly state that power training allowed an enhancement in swimming performance, although a tendency to improve swimming performance in tethered swimming was noticed.
8
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The Effects Of Swimming And Dry-Land Resistance Training Programme On Non-Swimmers

71%
Sadowski J., Mastalerz A., Gromisz W., Jówko E., Buszta M.
Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism
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2015
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vol. 22
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issue 1
35-40
EN
Introduction. The aim of the study was to estimate the influence of combined swimming and dry-land resistance training on swimming force, swimming performance and strength in non-swimmers. Material and methods. Thirty male non-swimmers took part in the research. They were randomly assigned to one of the two groups: experimental (n=17) and control (n=13). The experimental group took part in combined swimming and dry-land resistance training. The control group took part in swimming training only. The swimming and dry-land resistance training programme lasted twelve weeks (48 training sessions of swimming and 36 sessions of dry-land resistance training). Average training volume and intensity were the same for all swimmers throughout the study protocol. The training programme included dominant aerobic work in front crawl. Results. Dry-land resistance training applied in the experimental group significantly improved the upper body strength. In spite of the theory that dry-land strength training is probably not specific enough to improve the sprint swim performance, the experimental group tended to demonstrate greater improvement in sprint performance. The imitation of the underwater phase of shoulder work during front crawl provided by the ergometer can be a useful training method in non-swimmers.
9
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The Effects of Different Types of Verbal Feedback on Learning a Complex Movement Task

61%
Sadowski J., Mastalerz A., Niźnikowski T., Wiśniowski W., Biegajło M., Kulik M.
Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism
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2011
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vol. 18
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issue 4
308-310
EN
Introduction. The aim of the study was to assess the efficiency of learning complex movement tasks with the use of different types of verbal feedback. Material and methods. Thirteen students randomly assigned to two groups (E&P=7; P=6) took part in the study. Results. In learning a movement task verbal information on errors and correctness (E&P) was more efficient than verbal information on correctness (P). Conclusion. At early stages too much information hinders the process of learning.
10
Content available remote

Biomechanical Criterions to Estimate Round-Off Tucked Performance Among Acrobats Aged 10-11

52%
Niźnikowski T., Sadowski J., Mastalerz A., Wiśniowski W., Kruczkowski D., Niźnikowska E., Biegajło M., Miller J.
Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism
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2011
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vol. 18
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issue 4
296-299
EN
Introduction. The aim of the study was to carry out a biomechanical analysis of performing key elements of sports technique of the round-off tucked back somersault by acrobats aged 10-11. Material and methods. Thirty male acrobats participated in the study. They were randomly assigned to two groups: experimental (n=15) and control (n=15). Training experiment (specially designed training program applied in the experimental group), experts' evaluation and film analysis were the methods used to evaluate effects of experiment. Results. The results of the experimental group were statistically significantly better than in the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion. Training program based on teaching and improving key elements of technique may be recommended as one of the effective ways of teaching and improving the technique of selected acrobatic exercises of a coordinationally complex movement structure.
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