Idiopathic anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening systemic or generalized immediate hypersensitivity reaction with symptoms similar to resembling other forms of anaphylaxis. It concers approximately 30-60% of cases in adults and 20% of cases in children. In the pathogenesis of idiopathic anaphylaxis, alpha-gal syndrome, mastocytosis, diseases associated with mast cell activation, and hidden allergens and cofactors -physical exertion, alcohol, drugs can play a significant role. The clinical manifestations of idiopathic anaphylaxis and therapeutic management are identical to those of anaphylaxis with a known causative agent. The paper discusses epidemiology of anaphylaxis, pathomechanism, diagnostics and therapeutic management according to international guidelines.
PL
Anafilaksja idiopatyczna jest ciężką, zagrażającą życiu systemową lub uogólnioną natychmiastową reakcją nadwrażliwości o objawach podobnych/zbliżonych do innych postaci anafilaksji. Dotyczy ok. 30-60% przypadków u dorosłych i ok. 20% przypadków u dzieci. W patogenezie anafilaksji idiopatycznej istotną rolę mogą odgrywać zespół alfa-gal, mastocytoza, schorzenia przebiegające z aktywacją komórki tucznej oraz ukryte alergeny i kofaktory – wysiłek fizyczny, alkohol, leki. Objawy kliniczne anafilaksji idiopatycznej oraz postępowanie terapeutyczne są identyczne jak w anafilaksji o znanym czynniku sprawczym. W pracy omówiono epidemiologię anafilaksji, patomechanizm, diagnostykę oraz postępowanie terapeutyczne według wytycznych międzynarodowych
Introduction. Transplantation surgery, involving transplantation of cells, tissues and organs, constitutes a common medical practice that saves the lives of a great number of patients. Aim. The purpose of the present paper is to provide a comparative analysis of the legal regulations regarding transplantation that are in practice inside three European countries: Poland and Germany - EU Member States - and Switzerland - a non-EU state. The considerations made herein are meant to find an answer to the question whether the provisions of law regarding transplantation in the specified European countries regulate the legal situation of the donor and the recipient in a similar manner. Material and methods. The paper is based on the following source documents: The Cell, Tissue and Organ Recovery, Storage and Transplantation Act of July 1, 2005; The Act on Donation, Recovery and Transplantation of Organs and Tissues of November 5, 1997 (Transplantation Act - TPG); Federal Act on Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells of October 8, 2004. In our work, we applied two methods, the first being comparative, and the second being dogmatic-legal. The latter consists of analyzing the provisions regarding transplantation as found within the three selected European countries. Results and Discussion. Under Polish, German and Swiss law alike, the recovery of cells, tissues and organs is allowed from an adult, who, under the Polish and German Acts, has full capacity to enter into legal transactions, and who, under the Swiss Act - is an adult who is mentally competent. Of note is that a minor might only be a donor in ex vivo transplantation provided that precisely specified requirements are met. Of additional note is that, under the German and Swiss Acts, recovery of tissues and organs from a human cadaver donor is allowed only if this person gave consent for such recovery prior to their death; under the Polish Act, this is allowed unless the deceased person expressed their objection when alive. Conclusion. As far as ex vivo transplantation is concerned, the legal solutions regarding transplantation in Poland, Germany and Switzerland regulate the legal situation of the donor and the recipient of a transplant in a similar way, although there are a few significant differences. As for ex mortuo transplantations - the legal solutions applied in each country greatly differ.
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