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Affective percept and voluntary action: A hypothesis

100%
Zernicki B.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2002
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vol. 62
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issue 2
99-110
EN
. I present a hypothesis concerning the neuronal, mental and behavioral effects of all kinds of affective (emotional) stimuli, i.e., of unpleasant and pleasant stimuli. I use the term stimulus in its broad sense. Affective stimuli evoke two associated percepts: ?cognitive? and ?affective?. A food in the mouth, for example, evokes the gustatory percept and the percept of pleasure. However, affective percepts are unstable parts of cognitive-affective compounds. Five types of affective percepts are pain, fear, pleasure, ?desire? and appetite in the broad sense of these words. Desire is evoked by inadequate pleasant stimuli. Affective percepts are ?lower? or ?higher?. The latter are not directly associated with bodily needs. Esthetic and social percepts are higher, for example. Although pain and pleasure are essentially innate, they can be modified by sensory experience. Alimentary and esthetic preferences and social values are modifiable, for example. The neurons of pain and fear and of the unpleasant components of desire and appetite motivate four types of voluntary actions. These are, respectively, escape, avoidance, ?optimization? and approach actions. All these actions eliminate the motivating displeasure. In addition, avoidance actions protect from the signaled pain, optimization actions increase the existing pleasure and approach actions provide the signaled pleasure. Thus, voluntary actions associated with different percepts occur according to one universal principle. Voluntary actions are ?internal? and behavioral. During internal actions a goal and then an action plan are decided. These actions often provide the images of the goal stimuli and of particular movements.
2
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Reversal of visual discrimination and visual acute extinction in cats with poor or limited early visual experience

100%
Zernicki B.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1997
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vol. 57
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issue 4
323-328
EN
Transformation of visual instrumental conditioned reflexes rewarded with food was compared in cats binocularly deprived of pattern vision in the early period of life (BD cats), control cats reared also in the laboratory but with open eyes (C cats) and cats reared in normal environment (N cats). In Expt. I the cats were given 4 sequential reversal trainings of cross vs. disc discrimination and in Expt. II a response to a gate marked with a cross or a disc was submitted to 4 sequential acute extinctions and restorations. The results show that both visual deprivation and rearing in monotonous laboratory environment moderately affect transformation of associations between visual stimuli and hunger drive and instrumental responses. However, in BD cats transformation learning is less impaired than previously studied visual discrimination learning.
3
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Direction discrimination learning in normal and visually deprived cats and the effects of lateral suprasylvian lesions

63%
Burnat K., Zernicki B.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1997
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vol. 57
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issue 3
235-245
EN
We used 5 binocularly deprived cats (BD cats), 4 control cats reared also in the laboratory (C cats) and 4 cats reared in a normal environment (N cats). The cats were trained to discriminate an upward or downward-moving light spot versus a stationary spot (detection task) and then an upward versus a downward spot (direction task). The N and C cats learned slowly. The learning was slower than in previously studied discriminations of stationary stimuli. However, all N and C cats mastered the detection task and except one C cat the direction task. In contrast, 4 BD cats failed in the detection task and all in the direction task. This result is consistent with single-cell recording data showing impairment of direction analysis in the visual system in BD cats. After completing the training the upper part of the middle suprasylvian sulcus was removed unilaterally in 7 cats and bilaterally in 6 cats. Surprisingly, the unilateral lesions were more effective: the clear-cut retention deficits were found in 5 cats lesioned unilaterally, whereas only in one cat lesioned bilaterally.
4
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Discrimination learning of the vertical and horizontal light spot oscilations in normal and visually deprived cats

63%
Zernicki B., Zablocka T.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1993
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vol. 53
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issue 4
563-567
5
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Electrical actvity of the acutely isolate pons in cats

51%
Dec K., Stasiak M., Waleszczyk W., Zernicki B.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1996
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vol. 56
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issue 3
683-689
EN
The cat's pons was isolated by two brainstem transections, at the junction of medulla and pons and at the junction of pons and midbrain.In the differented pons the EEG acticvity was virtually absent, whereas the spatial density of active units and the rate of their spontaneous spike activitry were at a high level.In the pons of control preparations with brainstem transected only at the ponto-midbrain junction the EEG activity was present, while the single-unit activity was such as in isolatesd pons.The electrical activity of the isolated pons was similar to that previously described in the cat's isolated midbrain.The discrepancy between EEG and a single-unit activity suggests that in the deafferented pons or midbrain many neurones are asynchronously autoactive.Also, these results show that a flat EEG record is not necessarily a sign of absence of the neural activity and neural death.
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