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1
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Constraints on Phylogenetic Interrelationships among Four Free-living Litostomatean Lineages Inferred from 18S rRNA gene-ITS Region sequences and Secondary Structure of the ITS2 molecule

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Rajter Ľ., Vďačný P.
Acta Protozoologica
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2017
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vol. 56
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issue 4
255-281
EN
We investigated interrelationships between four free-living litostomatean lineages, using 18S rRNA gene and ITS region sequences as well as the secondary structure of the ITS2 molecules. Our phylogenetic analyses confirmed the deep split of free-living litostomateans into Rhynchostomatia and Haptoria represented here by Haptorida, Pleurostomatida, and Spathidiida. This bifurcation is also corroborated by the signature of the rhynchostomatian and haptorian ITS2 molecules. Specifically, the consensus stems of helices II and III are longer by one base pair in Rhynchostomatia, while the terminal loops of both helices are longer by one or two nucleotide/-s in Haptoria. A close relationship of Pleurostomatida and Haptorida is favored by quartet likelihood-mapping and supported by a 5’-AG vs. CU-3’ motif in the variable part of helix II and by two morphological apomorphies, i.e., meridionally extending somatic kineties and a non-three-rowed dorsal brush. Although monophyletic origin of Spathidiida is poorly supported in phylogenetic trees, the unique motif 5’-GA vs. UC-3’ present in the consensus helix II stem could be an important molecular synapomorphy of spathidiids, apart from the ancestrally anteriorly curved somatic kineties and the three-rowed dorsal brush. The peculiar family Pseudoholophryidae has very likely found its phylogenetic home among spathidiids, as an early branching lineage.
2
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A Huge Diversity of Metopids (Ciliophora, Armophorea) in Soil from the Murray River Floodplain, Australia. II. Morphology and Morphogenesis of Lepidometopus platycephalus nov. gen., nov. spec.

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Vďačný P., Foissner W.
Acta Protozoologica
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2017
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vol. 56
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issue 1
39-57
EN
The morphology and morphogenesis of a new Australian metopid ciliate, Lepidometopus platycephalus nov. gen., nov. spec., were studied using live observation, various silver impregnation methods, scanning electron microscopy, and morphometry. The new genus is outstanding in having epicortical scales (lepidosomes) and a strongly flattened and distinctly projecting preoral dome. Diagnostic features of L. platycephalus include a small, reniform body carrying an elongated caudal cilium, about 11 ciliary rows, and an adoral zone composed of an average of 11 polykinetids. The morphogenesis of L. platycephalus matches data from other metopids in that (1) the body is drastically re-shaped, (2) the parental oral structures are reorganized but do not contribute to the daughter oral ciliature, (3) the opisthe’s adoral polykinetids originate pleurotelokinetally, (4) the opisthe’s paroral membrane is formed via re-arrangement of the posterior portion of the first two perizonal rows, and (5) the opisthe’s perizonal stripe is made by three parental perizonal rows and two dorsolateral ciliary rows. The morphogenetic data corroborate phylogenetic analyses in that caenomorphids are only superficially similar to metopids; metopids and clevelandellids are closely related; and litostomateans are the best candidates for a sister group of the metopid-clevelandellid assemblage within the SAL superclade.
3
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Morphology and Ontogenesis of Hemiholosticha pantanalensis nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia, Psilotrichidae)

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Vďačný P., Foissner W.
Acta Protozoologica
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2019
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vol. 58
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issue 3
93-113
EN
The morphology and ontogenesis of a new psilotrichid ciliate, Hemiholosticha pantanalensis, were studied using live observation, protargol impregnation, and scanning electron microscopy. Diagnostic features of the new species include: a medium-sized, almost circular to broadly obovate body with a short anterior projection; two macronuclear nodules with a single micronucleus in between; a total of about 35 cirri arranged in three ventral, one postoral, one right and one left marginal row; three dorsal kineties extending along prominent ribs; an adoral zone occupying about 60% of body length; and intracellular, eyespot-bearing, green algae almost filling the body. The ontogenesis of H. pantanalensis follows the psilotrichid mode, being a mixture of features found not only in various hypotrich taxa but also in other spirotrich groups. Specifically, the oral primordium develops in a deep pouch as in euplotids and oligotrichs, the anlage for the undulating membranes does not produce cirri as in euplotids and some schmidingerothrichids, and the longitudinal ventral cirral row R3 develops from two anlagen as in some amphisiellids and kahliellids. Since psilotrichids are classified in a polytomy of main hypotrich lineages in 18S rRNA gene phylogenies, some of their ontogenetic features might be ancient spirotrich plesiomorphies while others might be homoplasies.
4
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Taxonomic Revision and Neotypification of Zosterodasys transversus (Kahl, 1928), with Description of a Mirror-Image Doublet (Ciliophora, Phyllopharyngea, Synhymeniida)

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Vďačný P., Tirjaková E.
Acta Protozoologica
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2012
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vol. 51
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issue 1
PL
The present work describes the morphology and morphometry of a freshwater ciliate, Zosterodasys transversus, using live observation and protargol impregnation. The population from the River Ipeľ, Slovakia is designated as a neotype because (i) no type material is available from the species described by Kahl (1928); (ii) the neotype is consistent with Z. transversus as described by Kahl (1928); (iii) the neotype is from the same biogeographic region as Kahl’s (1928) populations; and (iv) there are several similar species (e.g., Z. agamalievi) whose identity is threatened by the species to be neotypified. The main features of Z. transversus are: (i) a body size of 120–240 × 50–115 μm in vivo; (ii) a broadly to narrowly obovate or elliptical body; (iii) a spherical to very narrowly ellipsoidal macronucleus with a single globular micronucleus nearby; (iv) several scattered contractile vacuoles; (v) an average of 82 ciliary rows, most of which are interrupted by a synhymenium incompletely encircling the body; and (vi) an average of 14 nematodesmal rods strengthening walls of the cyrtos. In the well-growing neotype population, a single cell of a mirror-image type was found. Most of the structures of this monster specimen are similar to those from ordinary cells, except for the double cytostome and cyrtos.
5
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Morpho-molecular Characterization of the Litostomatean Predatory Ciliate Phialina pupula (Müller, 1773) Foissner, 1983 (Haptoria, Lacrymariidae)

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Rajter Ľ., Bourland W., Vďačný P.
Acta Protozoologica
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2019
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vol. 58
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issue 2
53-68
EN
The morphology and phylogenetic position of a haptorian ciliate, Phialina pupula (Müller, 1773) Foissner, 1983, isolated from microaerobic sandy sediments of the floodplain area of the Boise River, Idaho, U.S.A., were studied using live observation, protargol impregnation, scanning electron microscopy, and the 18S rRNA gene as well as the ITS region. The Boise population of P. pupula is characterized by a size of about 60–130 × 20–50 μm, an elliptical macronucleus with a single micronucleus, highly refractive dumbbell-shaped inclusions scattered throughout the cytoplasm and concentrated in the anterior body half, a single subterminal/terminal contractile vacuole, about 10 μm long rod-shaped extrusomes, and an average of 15 ciliary rows. In phylogenetic analyses, the newly obtained sequences from P. pupula and Lacrymaria olor clustered within the family Lacrymariidae with full to moderate statistical support. Neither the genus Phialina nor the genus Lacrymaria was depicted monophyletic both in the single gene and multigene phylogenetic inferences. Specifically, the genus Phialina was shown as a paraphyletic assemblage containing members of the polyphyletic genus Lacrymaria. This indicates that the phialinid bauplan, i.e., an anterior body end differentiated into a head-like structure directly attached to the trunk, might represent the ground pattern in the family Lacrymariidae. On the other hand, the long highly contractile neck carrying the head-like structure probably evolved later and convergently in multiple Lacrymaria species from Phialina-like ancestors.
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