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State/trait anxiety and anxiolytic effects of acute physical exercises

100%
Guszkowska M.
Biomedical Human Kinetics
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2009
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vol. 1
6-10
EN
Study aim: To determine anxiolytic effects of acute physical exertions in relation to the initial anxiety state and trait in women.Material and methods: A group of 163 women aged 16 - 56 years, attending fitness clubs in Warsaw, participated in the study. They selected a single exercise to perform - strength, aerobic or mixed, lasting 30 to over 60 min. They were requested to fill Spielberger's STAI questionnaires for determining the state anxiety (pre- and post-exercise) and trait anxiety (post-exercise). Questionnaire results were converted to logarithms, pre-post differences were computed and correlated with age, trait anxiety and pre-exercise state anxiety. Multiple correlation and the contributions of independent variables to the total variance of pre-post differences were also computed.Results: Pre-post differences in state anxiety were significantly correlated with pre-exercise state anxiety (r = 0.514; p<0.001) but not with either age or trait anxiety. As shown by regression equation, pre-exercise state anxiety up to 28 may, on the average, be associated with post-exercise increases. The contribution of pre-exercise state anxiety to the total variance of pre-post differences amounted to 27% (p<0.001), those of other variables not exceeding 5%.Conclusions: The fact that subjects with high pre-exercise state anxiety are prone to its highest decrease post-exercise ought to be considered when designing leisure activity programmes.
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Mood Changes in Physically Active Men in Situations of Imagined Discontinuation of Physical Exercises as an Indication of the Risk of Addiction to Physical Exercises

64%
Guszkowska M., Rudnicki P.
Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism
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2012
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vol. 19
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issue 1
16-20
EN
Introduction. The phenomenon of addiction to exercise is one of the risks of systematically undertaken recreational physical activity. It is more common in men, especially those undertaking intense aerobic workout. The diagnostic criteria include the so called withdrawal symptoms expressed by deterioration of mood in the situation of discontinuation of exercise. The aim of this study was to determine mood changes in regularly exercising men in the situation of imagined discontinuation of exercise compared to the neutral situation, and their relation to the length of involvement in sports, the frequency and duration of exercise and the risk of addiction to exercise. Material and methods. The study involved 45 men aged 20-33 years who practice recreational jogging, combat sports, and exercising at the gym. Standard scales were used to test the mood: Profile of Mood States (POMS) and the Mood Adjective Check List (UMACL), measuring the emotional states in neutral situation and the imaginary discontinuation of exercise and the scale to assess the risk of dependence on exercise developed for the study. Results. The results show a significant deterioration of mood in the situation imagined discontinuation of exercise, as compared to the neutral situation. Its magnitude grows along with the length of the men's involvement in sports, but there were no significant associations with the frequency or duration of exercise. The risk of addiction to exercise is positively correlated to the mood deterioration and the length of involvement in sports. Young men who systematically exercise regularly expect a significant deterioration in their mood in a situation of discontinuation of exercise, which suggests that there is a risk of addiction to physical exercise.
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Determinants of women’s willingness to continue fitness training in spite of health risks

64%
Guszkowska M., Mosur-Kałuża S.
Biomedical Human Kinetics
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2015
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vol. 7
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issue 1
EN
Study aim: the aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between willingness to continue training in spite of health risks and the following variables: age, body parameters and selected elements of body image as well as duration, amount and intensity of training sessions. Material and methods: the study’s participants were 140 women aged 18 to 35 years who had been training at a fitness club for between 1 and 15 years. The following tools were used: Figure Rating Scale, a modified Body Satisfaction Scale, and a questionnaire to investigate actual and ideal body parameters, motivation to begin training and training parameters. Results: women who were willing to discontinue fitness training due to potential health risks exercised less often and engaged in shorter training sessions with less intensity. They were also more dissatisfied with their motor fitness. Higher readiness to continue training can be expected from women with more training experience, who are motivated by a need to improve their appearance, who are more satisfied with their motor fitness and who have a lower ideal BMI. Conclusions: the results of the study suggest that women who complete greater amounts of exercise and are more motivated to train for aesthetic reasons rather than for reasons related to fitness are more prone to obligatory exercise.
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Changes in Mood States and Selected Personality Traits in Women Participating in a 12-Week Exercise Program

64%
Guszkowska M., Sionek S.
Human Movement
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2009
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vol. 10
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issue 2
163-169
EN
Purpose. The aim of the study was: (1) to investigate changes in mood and chosen personality traits in women participating in a 12-week exercise program; (2) to establish relationships between mood and personality traits; (3) to find personality factors predicting mood changes. Basic procedures. Subjects included 39 healthy female volunteers, aged 18-43, participating in a 12-week aerobic exercise program. The aerobics classes lasted 50 min each, including warm-up and cool-down, three times a week. Assessments of mood (UMACL by Matthews, Chamberlain & Jones), trait anxiety (STAI by Spielberger et al.), self-efficacy (GSES by Schwarzer, Jerusalem & Juczyński) and dispositional optimism (LOT-R by Scheier, Carver & Bridges) were obtained in the first and last weeks of the program. Main findings. The obtained results showed that (1) subjects' mood improved following the 12-week aerobic exercise program - tense arousal decreased, whereas hedonic tone and energetic arousal increased; (2) personality traits changed toward better personal adjustment: trait anxiety decreased, self-efficacy and optimism increased; (3) there were no significant relationships between changes in positive mood dimensions (hedonic tone and energetic arousal) and the negative one (tense arousal); (4) there were no correlations between mood changes and personality changes, but mood correlated with trait anxiety, self-efficacy and optimism in both measurements. Conclusions. Mood of healthy adult women improves significantly following a three-month aerobic exercise program, irrespective of positive changes in personality traits.
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State anxiety change after a parachute jump and its determinants: gender, experience, and temperament features

64%
Bołdak A., Guszkowska M.
Biomedical Human Kinetics
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2013
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vol. 5
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issue 1
113-120
EN
Study aim: To determine the role of gender and experience level as factors differentiating state anxiety before and after a parachute jump, and to ascertain relationships between state anxiety and temperament features. Material and methods: The research involved 143 parachutists (98 men and 45 women) aged from 17 to 49 years old, including 73 beginners and 70 advanced parachutists. The following questionnaires were applied: the Formal Characteristics of Behavior-Temperament Inventory by Zawadzki and Strelau, the Sensation Seeking Scale by Zuckerman, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory of Spielberger et al. Results: There was a significant decrease in state anxiety level after a parachute jump (before M = 32.66; after M = 28.57; p < 0.001). Its level is significantly higher in beginners than in experienced skydivers (p < 0.001). The level of experience is also a negative predictor of state anxiety level before the jump and its decrease after the jump. Conclusion: As experience grows, the positive adaptation to stress caused by parachute jump appears, which results with lowering the state anxiety level.
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Health locus of control of polish undergraduates: gender, faculty and type of physical activity differences

64%
Guszkowska M., Kuk A.
Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity
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2012
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vol. 4
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issue 3
189-196
EN
Background: To effectively realise professional tasks, physical education (PE) teachers, physiotherapists and personal trainers should be convinced as to the fact that health depends on their behaviour and actions. The aim of the research was to investigate possible differences in health locus of control (HLC) between faculties, gender and type of physical activity. Material/Methods: The subjects were 241 undergraduates (111 female and 130 male ones) from the faculty of physical education (n = 96), tourism and recreation (n = 74) and physiotherapy (n = 71), who practiced sports (n = 101) or were involved in recreational physical activity (n = 140). The Polish version of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLC; Wallston & DeVellis) was applied. Data on physical activity and academic status were collected with a survey prepared by the authors. Results: Results show that Polish undergraduates presented a moderate level of a belief in personal control over their health. MHLC scores were only slightly dependent on students’ gender, faculty and type of physical activity. Conclusions: Comparisons with earlier research data show that greater differences in HLC appear among undergraduates of the same faculties but from different universities than among students from various faculties within one university.
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Zmiany stanów emocjonalnych u kobiet ciężarnych po jednorazowych ćwiczeniach fizycznych

64%
Guszkowska M., Bernatek P.
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vol. XV
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issue 1
14-24
EN
The aim of the study was to define the changes in emotional states after single session of exercise in pregnant women and to establish their personality determinants. There were 38 pregnant women aged 20-35 participating in special exercise program included in the research. Standard psychological questionnaires (STAI, POMS , NEO - -FFI ) were used. Emotional states were measured immediately before the physical effort and after the exercise. Research data revealed that one-time physical exercise resulted in improvement of all measured emotional states, especially in decline of state-anxiety and tension. Personality traits can predict the size of emotional states changes; trait-anxiety is their the most powerful determinant. Physical exercise may be an effective mean of improving psychological well-being in pregnant women.
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Labor Pain Control Among Women Physically Active and Inactive During Pregnancy

64%
Dudziak D., Guszkowska M.
Advances in Rehabilitation
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2013
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vol. 27
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issue 1
18-24
EN
Introduction: Labor pain is a physiological phenomenon and demonstrates progression of the labor. Feeling pain, also labor pain, is strongly individualized internal experience. Some parturients do not need any pharmacological intervention, for others labor pain is so strong that it requires a medical intervention. People also differ in terms of beliefs about the ability to control pain. These beliefs affect their attitudes towards pain sensations and expectations of medical interventions aimed at pain relief. The aim of this study was to determine whether regular physical activity during pregnancy varies beliefs about control over labor pain and to establish determinants of these beliefs and their correlates. Material and methods: 100 pregnant women aged 19-38 years, including 50 women who regularly practiced physical exercise during pregnancy and 50 pregnant physically inactive took part in this study. Modified “Beliefs About Pain Control Questionnaire” (BPCQ) Skevington’s, containing 11 statements about labor pain control, a questionnaire on obstetric history and personal situation, and Inventory of State and Trait Anxiety by Spielberger et al. were used in this study. Results: Results indicate that physically inactive pregnant women are more strongly convinced than women taking physical activity during pregnancy, that labor pain intensity depends on external factors (medical assistance, random factors). Trait anxiety, financial situation, previous miscarriage and physical activity are predictors of beliefs about labor pain control. Conclusions: Pregnant women physically active during pregnancy reveal stronger beliefs about personal control in labor pain, indicating a more internal location of the control. It is expected that those women will present active attitude during childbirth, cooperating with medical personnel, those women will less expect medical intervention also those targeted on pain relief for to labor acceleration.
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Religiousness and health locus of control in Polish Physical Education students

64%
Guszkowska M., Kuk A.
|
EN
Background:The aim of this research was to determine relationships between religious commitment and health locus of control (HLC) for the group of students of the University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Poland, including gender and study faculty differences. Material/Methods: Full-time students (n = 247) of the Warsaw University of Physical Education were investigated. Religious Commitment Scale (RCS) and Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLC) were used. Results: Few and weak relationships between religious commitment and health locus of control were found; they were stronger within the group of male and physical education students. Cluster analysis by the Ward agglomeration method resulted in distinguishing three internally homogeneous groups. Conclusions: The research presented in this article should be considered a reconnaissance of the problem. The relationships between investigated variables has not been fully recognized and explained, hence this issue requires further research.
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Exercise or Relaxation? Which is More Effective in Improving the Emotional State of Pregnant Women?

51%
Guszkowska M., Sempolska K., Zaremba A., Langwald M.
Human Movement
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2013
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vol. 14
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issue 2
168-174
EN
Purpose The aim of this study was to compare the changes in emotional states in pregnant women after completing a relaxation session and a one-off physical exercise class. Methods. The study included 139 pregnant women between the ages of 22 to 34 years (28.59 ± 2.99 years) in their second and third trimesters of pregnancy who were participating in one of three programs: a progressive relaxation course, a physical exercise program, or a traditional childbirth education program (control group). Emotional states were assessed by McNair, Lorr, and Droppleman’s Profile of Mood States immediately before (pre-test) attending their seventh respective class and then immediately after finishing it (post-test) Results. The pre-test emotional state of participants in all three groups was similar. Post-test, both the exercise and relaxation groups featured significantly improved emotional states, with the changes greater than those of women who attended the prenatal class. Pregnant women who participated in physical exercise were less troubled and tense and characterized by a higher level of vigor than the control group. Conclusions. Physical exercise may be especially helpful in coping with fatigue and feeling tired, while relaxation training is more beneficial for women with elevated levels of anxiety and depression.
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Correlates of Body Image in Polish Weight Trainers

51%
Guszkowska M., Maziarczyk T., Piłsudski J.
Human Movement
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2015
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vol. 16
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issue 2
88-94
EN
Purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine body image and body satisfaction in Polish adult men involved in resistance training and to investigate their relationships with objective anthropometric and training characteristics. Methods. The study included 176 males aged 18-31 years with 1-14 years resistance training experience. The Figure Rating Scale, Body Satisfaction Scale and a self-designed questionnaire were administered. Results. Approximately 62% of the participants would like to be more muscular, only 29% accepted their appearance and 9% would like to be less muscular. The body selected as the personal ideal (M = 5.34) was less muscular than the body considered by the participants to be ideal by other men (normative body; M = 6.07) and was more muscular than the body thought to be most attractive to women (M = 5.10). Actual and ideal body muscularity correlated positively with age and body mass, height and BMI. Dissatisfaction with trunk and motor characteristics correlated positively with ideal body and the body considered most attractive to women as well as with the discrepancy indices between the above factors and the actual body. Conclusions. Men regularly involved in resistance training were found to strive for a muscular physique. The normative body, the physique believed to be desired by other men, was more muscular than what was considered preferential to women. However, the latter constitutes a stronger determinant of the level of body satisfaction in men engaged in resistance training.
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Self-efficacy, self-esteem and body image as psychological determinants of 15-year-old adolescents’ physical activity levels

51%
Kołoło H., Guszkowska M., Mazur J., Dzielska A.
Human Movement
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2012
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vol. 13
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issue 3
264-270
EN
Purpose. The aim of the study was to analyze which psychological factors can determine the physical activity levels of 15-yearold adolescents. The psychological factors examined were self-efficacy, physical self-esteem (body weight and body appearance) and body image. A multifactorial perspective based on a socioecological approach as well as Bandura’s social learning theory was used to clarify the relationships between the determinants and physical activity levels. Methods. The study participants were 2277 15-year-old adolescents (1086 boys and 1191 girls). Selected questions and scales from HBS C’s international standard questionnaire were used, including the Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity index, the self perception of body weight and body appearance question, the General Self-Efficacy Scale and the Body Image Subscale. Results. It was found that over half of the Polish 15-year-old population featured an insufficient level of physical activity. Self-efficacy, body image and physical self-esteem of both body mass and body image were significant predictors of physical activity. The role of these predictors was found to be differentiated by gender. Conclusions. The physical activity levels of 15-year-old adolescents can be predicted by use of psychological variables.
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Changes in the quality of life of female participants from the University of the Third Age and their predictors

39%
Leś A., Guszkowska M., Kozdroń E., Piotrowska J., Niedzielska E., Krynicki B.
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2019
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vol. 33
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issue 3
19-25
EN
Introduction Quality of life is identified as a key element in healthy ageing. A decrease in physical activity and fitness levels as well as fear or depression increase the frequency of hospitalisation and mortality rate among elderly persons. Moreover, these factors significantly reduce the quality of life. The aim of the study was to determine changes in elderly women’s perception of their quality of life that occurred over a period of 3 months of attending regular classes. In addition, the study sought to identify factors that would make it possible to predict these changes. Material and methods The study included 56 women aged 58 to 85 (M=69.54; SD=6.578). Their quality of life was assessed with an abbreviated version of WHOQOL -Bref questionnaire. Severity of depressive symptoms was examined with the use of the Geriatric Depression Scale (a 15-item version). In order to determine physical fitness levels, FFF Test was carried out. Results The examined group manifested changes in the depression indicator, i.e. its levels decreased significantly. A considerable increase in self-rated health was observed. There occurred a significant increase in the women’s perception of their quality of life in social and environmental domains. No significant changes in the quality of life were noted in physical and psychological domains as well as in overall satisfaction with the quality of life. Conclusions The findings suggest that attending classes at the UTA may produce benefits in the field of psychological health and life quality, and their scope may depend on the initial state of physical health and physical fitness.
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