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PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF POLISH AND TURKISH UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AS ASSESSED BY IPAQ

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Bednarek J., Pomykała S., Bigosińska M., Szyguła Z.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2016
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vol. 16
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issue 4
13-22
EN
Purpose: We examine physical activity levels of Polish and Turkish students to determine cross-cultural and gender differences in exercise habits. Methods: Our study assessed 50 students from Adnan Menderes University in Aydin, Turkey and 50 students from the University of Physical Education in Krakow, Poland. Physical activity was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ; short form). Results were expressed in MET-minutes/week (Metabolic Equivalent of Task). Results: More than half of the students (52%) engaged in moderate physical activity in the week prior to the survey, while a quarter of the students (37%) engaged in vigorous physical activity. Low levels of physical activity were reported by 11% of the students. Total physical activity per week, expressed in MET-minutes/week, was significantly higher for Polish students (5,953.51 MET) than for Turkish students (3,095.45 MET). Moderate physical activity was higher among Turkish students while vigorous physical activity was higher among Polish students. Physical activity contrasts were further exemplified between genders. Polish women engaged in significantly more (p < 0.05) total physical activity than Turkish women. Total physical activity, high-level physical activity, and moderate-level physical activity differences were not significant (p > 0.05) between Polish and Turkish men. Conclusion: Polish university students engage in more physical activity than students from Turkey. Men were more physically active in both countries. More than half of Turkish students do not meet minimum weekly physical activity the World Health Organization recommends for preserving health.
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Altitude Training and its Influence on Physical Endurance in Swimmers

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Strzała M., Ostrowski A., Szyguła Z.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2011
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vol. 28
91-105
EN
It is possible to plan an altitude training (AT) period in such a way that the enhanced physical endurance obtained as a result of adaptation to hypoxia will appear and can be used to improve performance in competition. Yet finding rationales for usage of AT in highly trained swimmers is problematic. In practice AT, in its various forms, is still controversial, and an objective review of research concentrating on the advantages and disadvantages of AT has been presented in several scientific publications, including in no small part the observations of swimmers. The aim of this article is to review the various methods and present both the advantageous and unfavourable physiological changes that occur in athletes as a result of AT. Moreover, AT results in the sport of swimming have been collected. They include an approach towards primary models of altitude/hypoxic training: live high + train high, live high + train low, live low + train high, as well as subsequent methods: Intermittent Hypoxic Exposure (IHE) and Intermittent Hypoxic Training (IHT). Apnoea training, which is descended from freediving, is also mentioned, and which can be used with, or as a substitute for, the well-known IHE or IHT methods. In conclusion, swimmers who train using hypoxia may be among the best-trained athletes, and that even a slight improvement in physical endurance might result in the shortening of a swimming time in a given competition, and the achievement of a personal best, which is hard to obtain by normal training methods, when the personal results of the swimmer have reached a plateau.
3
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Lower-limb ooedema during pregnancy

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Ochałek K., Frydrych-Szymonik A., Szyguła Z.
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PL
Autorzy przedstawili przypadek 30-letniego mężczyzny, u którego doszło do nagłego zatrzymania krążenia w wyniku porażenia prądem wysokiego napięcia. Od 2. tygodnia po wypadku przeprowadzano rehabilitację w warunkach szpitalnych, mającą na celu utrzymanie zakresu ruchomości w stawach oraz od 6. tygodnia przeprowadzano intensywną rehabilitację w warunkach domowych. Mimo przeprowadzanego leczenia zaobserwowano całkowite ograniczenie ruchomości stawów biodrowych oraz w oparciu o radiogram i projekcję przestrzenną TK zdiagnozowano masywne neurogenne skostnienia heterotopowe (NSH). Przeprowadzono dwa zabiegi mające na celu usunięcie NSH: najpierw z okolicy lewego (15. miesiąc od wypadku), a następnie prawego stawu biodrowego (18. miesiąc od wypadku). Po interwencji zaobserwowano istotny wzrost ruchomości obu stawów biodrowych oraz zmniejszenie dolegliwości bólowych, co w efekcie znacznie poprawiło możliwości funkcjonalne pacjenta. Dodatkowo wprowadzono profi laktykę zapobiegającą nawrotom NSH, która polegała na utrzymaniu zarówno biernego, jak i czynnego zakresu ruchu oraz na stosowaniu zabiegów fi zykoterapeutycznych w postaci głębokiej oscylacji. W badaniu TK, wykonanym w 41. miesiącu po wypadku, uwidoczniono NSH w mniejszym stopniu, aniżeli miało to miejsce pierwotnie.
EN
Lower-limb oedemas can be the result of abnormalities in the structure and functioning of the lymphatic system, injuries or inflammation, or can be related to cancer and its treatment; however, they are more often one of the basic symptoms accompanying women in the third trimester of pregnancy due to vein insufficiency. The purpose of this overview is to discuss the current knowledge related to risk factors, prevention and treatment of lower-limb oedemas during pregnancy. The risk factors linked to gravidity-related oedema comprise of increased volume of circulating blood, the augmented uterus, increased body mass and changes to hormonal turnover. Vein insufficiency occurs as a result of venous hypertension caused by insufficiency of the muscle pump and valvar regurgitation. Pregnancy, the application of Caesarean section and the postpartum period predispose to deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The basic and unquestionable method applied in the prophylaxis and treatment of abnormalities to the venous-lymphatic system and corresponding complications consists in compression therapy involving compressive bandaging and the use of compression garments. Compression can be applied either individually or in combination with other methods, such as manual lymph drainage, intermittent pump compression and physical or breathing exercises. Based on the scientific evidence and experts’ recommendations, compression is also considered to be an effective solution in the prevention and treatment of deep vein thrombosis and swelling in pregnant women, but further investigation is needed. Ochałek K., Frydrych-Szymonik A., Szyguła Z. Lower-limb oedema during pregnancy. Med Rehabil 2016; 20(4): 17-21. DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0009.5481
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Influence of Hypoxia Training on the Aerobic Capacity of an Elite Race Walker

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Maciejczyk M., Sudoł G., Szyguła Z.
Human Movement
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2012
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vol. 13
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issue 4
360-366
EN
Purpose. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of a combination of two different hypoxic training models (“live high-train high” and “live high-train low” with the use of a hypoxic tent) on the aerobic capacity of a elite race walker preparing for the 2009 IAAF World Championships. Methods. Evaluation of VO2max and the second ventilatory threshold was performed three times: 1) after four weeks training without hypoxic conditions, 2) after 28 days training in normoxia and sleeping for 8 h/day in a hypoxic tent (normobaric hypoxia, simulated hypoxia at 2133 m above sea level) and 3) after 26 days of classical altitude training at a moderate altitude of about 1800 m ASL (hypobaric hypoxia). The hematological parameters of the athlete’s blood (hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, and erythrocytes and reticulocytes counts) were also measured after each stage. Results. After training in normoxia and sleeping in a hypoxic tent the ventilatory threshold was noted at a higher work intensity and featured an improvement in his hematological parameters, although VO2max was unchanged (compared to training without hypoxia). After classical altitude training a higher level of VO2max was observed (with a ventilatory threshold level similar to the level after training in normobaric hypoxia), but the hematological indices were lower than the levels observed before starting hypoxic training. Conclusions. The combination of two methods of hypoxic training improved the aerobic capacity of the test subject, but an improvement in the analyzed hematological indicators was observed only after LH + TL training. After training in LH + TH these indicators were lower in comparison to the levels prior hypoxic training. The changes in the hematological indices after hypoxic training did not seem to have a significant influence on aerobic capacity; the observed improvements in physical performance may result from other factors.
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Effect of a Single Finnish Sauna Session on White Blood Cell Profile and Cortisol Levels in Athletes and Non-Athletes

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Pilch W., Pokora I., Szyguła Z., Pałka T., Pilch P., Cisoń T., Malik L., Wiecha S.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2013
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vol. 39
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issue 1
127-135
EN
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Finnish sauna bathing on a white blood cell profile, cortisol levels and selected physiological indices in athletes and non-athletes. The study evaluated 9 trained middle-distance runners and 9 male non-athletes. The subjects from both groups participated in 15-minute sauna sessions until their core temperature rose by 1.2°C (mean temperature in the sauna room was 96° ± 2°C; relative humidity was 15 ± 3%) with a 2 minute cool down with water at a temperature of 19-20°C. Body mass was measured before and after the session and blood samples were taken for tests. Rectal temperature was monitored at five-minute intervals during the whole session. Serum total protein, haematological indices and cortisol levels were determined. Sauna bathing caused higher body mass loss and plasma volume in the athletes compared to the group of non-athletes. After the sauna session, an increased number of white blood cells, lymphocyte, neutrophil and basophil counts was reported in the white blood cell profile. Higher increments in leukocyte and monocyte after the sauna bathing session were recorded in the group of athletes compared to untrained subjects. The obtained results indicated that sauna bathing stimulated the immune system to a higher degree in the group of athletes compared to the untrained subjects.
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