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1
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The synthesis of tripolyphosphate using a one-stage method and a laboratory rotary kiln

100%
Kowalski Z., Makara A.
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
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2014
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vol. 16
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issue 1
36-40
EN
In the study, sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) was obtained according to the one-stage method. Batch mixes with varied degrees of soda ash neutralization were produced using thermal or wet processing phosphoric acid and/ or recycled STPP calcined in a laboratory rotary kiln. Chromatographic analysis of the phosphate forms showed that products containing as much as 94.73% of a single component were produced. At STPP recycling rates of 2.5 and 5, products with a low bulk density ranging between 0.437-0.547 kg/dm3 were obtained. The recycling of STPP reduces the insoluble substance content, which affects the properties of the product. The phase composition of the products largely depends on the type of recycled phase of sodium tripolyphosphate (phase I and/or phase II) and the calcining temperature.
2
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Changes in the properties of pig manure slurry

81%
Kowalski Z., Makara A., Fijorek K.
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vol. 60
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issue 4
845-850
EN
The paper presents the results of analyses of samples of manure from a pig farm located near Piła, Poland performed between June 2011 and May 2012 using a single sampling system. The statistical analyses of the average content of chemical and biological oxide demands, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and dry mass in the slurry in various seasons allowed us to draw conclusions concerning the changes in the chemical composition of the manure in specific seasons and to determine the correlations between the chemical parameters. The average content of N, BOD, P, and dry mass content tended to decrease systematically from the spring until the winter. The highest correlation coefficient, which indicates significant interdependency among the variables tested, was consistently found for COD and BOD, whereas the smallest correlation coefficient was found consistently for K and Ca and once for Ca and N.
3
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Obtaining protein hydrolysates with chemical and enzymatic methods

81%
Kowalski Z., Makara A., Banach M.
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
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2011
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vol. 13
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issue 1
41-46
EN
The goal of our research was to work up a method of hydrolisates protein production using as raw material fresh pork meat-bone tissue after dismantling the process of half carcasses. Actually this raw material was practically all utilized as waste. The results of laboratory research and an industrial test allowed to state that is possible to produce hydrolysates containing 8 - 10% of proteins, and the most advantageous parameters of the chemical process are: the reaction time ~105 min., temperature 120°C, pressure 3.0 bars. With the use of enzymes (Protamex and Flavourzyme), it is possible to obtain a non-gelling protein hydrolysate with a high degree of clarity and light cream colour. The best results were achieved with the following parameters: the meat-bone feedstock to the water ratio from 1:1 to 1:2, the temperature of 40 - 45°C, the time of the process 3 h, pH ~6.
4
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Treatment of wastewater from production of meat-bone meal

81%
Makara A., Kowalski Z., Saeid A.
Open Chemistry
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2015
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vol. 13
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issue 1
EN
The paper presents the results of the selection of the flocculent and coagulant types as well as the evaluation of the best parameters of treatment of wastewater deriving from meat-bone meal (MBM) production. The efficiency of purification depends on the composition of the coagulant and flocculent as well as the magnitude of the applied dose. The use of ferrous sulfate PIX 113 coagulant assured the highest reduction of the contamination content in filtrate, resulting in the reduction of color of wastewater by 96.8%, turbidity by 99.2%, and the phosphorus content by 99.9% and nitrogen by 92.4%, with the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) being reduced by 62.8%. The X-ray method proved the significant presence of phosphorus salts in the content of sediment. The moisture content in the sediment varied from 45 to 78.5%. The elaborated method of pretreatment of wastewater from meat-bone meal unit was verified on an industrial scale. A very high reduction of the phosphorus content in filtrate (> 99.9%), and a significant reduction of COD as well as nitrogen and suspended solid contents (90−95%) were presented. A high reduction of contamination in filtrate increases the production capacity of the existing biological treatment plant, in the next step of treatment of filtrate in the biological treatment unit.
5
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PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PIG SLURRY

81%
Marszałek M., Kowalski Z., Makara A.
Czasopismo Techniczne
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-
PL
Pig slurry is classified as a natural fertilizer of animal origin, being a mixture of faeces, urine, remains of fodder and water used for the elimination of faeces. It is generated in non-bedding pig farming conditions, where animals are kept on slatted floors (grate or slotted floor). This paper presents the general characteristics of pig slurry, its physicochemical properties and its microbiological composition. Also, factors affecting slurry properties are discussed.
6
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Separation of pig slurry using sedimentation and pressurized filtration

81%
Marszałek M., Kowalski Z., Makara A.
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PL
Intensive non-bedding pig farming results in the formation of large quantities of liquid waste in the form of slurry. In areas with high concentration of pig farms where we have to deal with insufficient acreage of arable land there is often a difficulty with management of pig slurry’s surplus. The solution to this problem may become a separation of slurry into solid fraction, rich in phosphorus and liquid fraction, which contains mainly nitrogen and potassium. The paper presents the fractionation of pig slurry using sedimentation and pressurized filtration.
7
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Increasing the bulk density of STPP - influence of the process parameters

81%
Gorazda K., Banach M., Makara A., Wzorek Z.
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
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2011
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vol. 13
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issue 2
40-45
EN
The new requirements that were placed on STPP, like high bulk density, the proper relation of Form I and Form II and suitable physicochemical properties, resulted in the development of the present production methods. The paper presents the research results on increasing the bulk density of STPP by a chemical method. In the introduced method the solid sodium phosphate from spray drying and sodium orthophosphate solution, after acid neutralization, were rubbed together. Such an operation changes the physicochemical properties of the dried sodium phosphate before calcining, which results in increasing the bulk density of STPP to a level of 0.80 kg/dm3. The dependence of STPP bulk density on process parameters such as: sodium orthophosphate solution to solid sodium phosphate mass ratio, temperature of dosed sodium orthophosphate solution, as well as the calcining temperature of mixtures were analysed.
8
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The Impact of Dry Mass Content in Pig Liquid Manure on its Treatment with a Filtration Method

71%
Kowalski Z., Makara A., Marszałek M., Hoffmann J., Hoffmann K.
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
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2014
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vol. 16
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issue 3
106-110
EN
The present study examines the impacts of dry mass content in pig liquid manure on its treatment with a filtration method. Samples of liquid manure with variable dry mass content were subjected to treatment using phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, lime milk and superphosphate, as well as to thermal treatment, while in the last phase of pressure filtration. Increased dilution of the manure resulted in a reduced raw materials consumption ratio and improved filtration process efficiency, which ranged from 408 to 3765 kg/m2/h. The highest filtration efficiency was achieved using manure containing 3% dry mass, while the lowest efficiency was observed in manure at 10% dry mass. The increase in liquid manure dilution also reduced chemical oxygen demand in the filtrate, which ranged from 15 062 to 3656 mg/l. An appropriate manure dilution level, under the constant parameters of the treatment process, reduced phosphorus content in the filtrate to < 10 mg/kg while simultaneously enriching the post-filtration sediment with this precious fertilizing component.
9
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Pig manure treatment by filtration

71%
Kowalski Z., Makara A., Matýsek D., Hoffmann J., Hoffmann K.
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vol. 60
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issue 4
839-844
EN
A study of new pig manure treatment and filtration process was carried out. The advantage of the worked out technology is the method of incorporation of crystalline phase into solid organic part of manure. The obtained new solid phase of manure contains about 50% of crystalline phase forming a filtration aid that enables high effectiveness of manure filtration. The filtration rate of manure separation into solid and liquid fractions with pressure filter may achieve 1300-3000 kg/m2/h. The method makes it possible to maintain an overall average pollutant removal performance 90% for the chemical oxygen demand COD, > 99% for the suspended solids SS, to 47% for the total nitrogen content. The obtained results showed that the proposed technology being efficient and simple offers a possible solution to pig manure problems.
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