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O-GlcNAcylation, steroid hormone receptors and cancer

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Wilkosz J., Różański W., Bryś M., Forma E.
Folia Medica Lodziensia
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2013
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vol. 40
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issue 1
133-149
EN
The addition of a single residue of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine or threonine is a post-translational modification (O-GlcNAcylation) of proteins found in the cytoplasm or the nucleus. This dynamic modification is dependent on the environmental glucose concentration. O-GlcNAc modification is catalysed by a glycosyltransferase named O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT), and O-GlcNAc residue is removed by the antagonistic enzyme β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (O-GlcNAcase; OGA). Cytosolic O-GlcNAcylation is important for the proper transduction of signalling cascades, whereas nuclear O-GlcNAc is crucial for the transcriptional regulation. O-GlcNAcylation is also important in the regulation of the transcriptional activity of steroid hormone receptors. Both O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase are found in all tissues and have been shown to be essential for development in vertebrates, which underscores their fundamental roles in vital processes as well as in pathological conditions such as neoplastic transformation.
PL
Glikozylacja polegająca na przyłączeniu pojedynczych reszt β-N-acetylo- D-glukozaminy do reszt seryny lub treoniny polipeptydu wiązaniem O-glikozydowym (O-GlcNAc), jest powszechną modyfikacją białek jądrowych i cytoplazmatycznych. Modyfikacja ta pozostaje w ścisłym związku z dostępnością glukozy. β-N-acetyloglukozaminylotransferaza (O-GlcNAc transferaza, OGT) jest enzymem odpowiedzialnym za katalityczne przyłączenie reszt O-GlcNAc, natomiast β-N-acetylo-D-glukozaminidaza (OGA) reszty te odłącza. Proces O-GlcNAcylacji zachodzący w cytozolu jest istotny z punktu widzenia transmisji sygnału komórkowego, natomiast przyłączanie reszt O-GlcNAc na terenie jądra wpływa na proces transkrypcji. Wykazano, że proces O-GlcNAcylacji moduluje regulację aktywności transkrypcyjnej receptorów hormonów steroidowych. Oba enzymy, O-GlcNAc transferaza i β-N-acetylo- D-glukozaminidaza wykrywane są we wszystkich tkankach i jak wykazano, niezbędne są dla prawidłowego rozwoju organizmu, jak również mogą uczestniczyć w procesie transformacji nowotworowej.
2
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Assessment of phytochemical constituents and antifungal activities of four selected green leafy vegetables from Owerri, South-East Nigeria

100%
Ohabughiro N. B.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2023
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vol. 50
73-85
EN
Medicinal plants contain numerous phytochemicals like tannin, alkaloids, steroid, saponin and flavonoid. Plants are being used as valuable source of food and medicine for prevention of illness and maintenance of human health. The following medicinal plants were used: Scent leaves (Ocimum gratissimum), Bitter leaves (Vemonia amygdalina). Uziza leaves (Piper guineense) and Utazi leaves (Gongronema latifolium). Soxhlex apparatus was used to extract active ingredients from plants. Methanol and hot water solvents were used for extraction. Methanol and hot water extracts of the plants were used against identified isolated. Standard microbiological and molecular methods were used in the isolation and identification of moulds from stored rice, maize, wheat and groundnut. Sabouraud dextrose agar and potato dextrose agar were used for cultural isolation. Moulds species were identified using 18S rRNA gene sequencing method. Fungal susceptibility testing was performed to determine the minimum inhibition concentration. The following moulds Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus tamarii, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus brunneoviolaceus and Penicillium chrysogenum were isolated and identified from stored grains and legumes. The medicinal plants contain the following phytochemicals tannin, alkaloids, steroid, saponin and flavonoids. Percentage (%) growth inhibition of moulds by methanol extract was greater than hot water extract of medicinal plants. Percentage growth inhibition of moulds by methanol and hot water extract of scent leaf gave the highest inhibition followed by bitter leaf, utazi while uziza gave the least growth inhibition. Minimum inhibitory concentration of plant extracts was greatest at 100 mg/ml and least at 12.5mg/ml. Minimum growth inhibition increases with increase in concentration of medicinal plants. Medicinal plants gave varying levels of growth inhibition against varying isolates and should be used both at home and clinical settings. Therefore, the importance of medicinal plants to our society cannot be overemphasized.
3
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NOVEL CHITOSAN DERIVATIVES AS FILMS WITH AN ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT

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Niemczyk A., El Fray M.
Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin and its Derivatives
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2013
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vol. 18
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issue 18
59-66
EN
This paper presents the results of chitosan acylation with linoleic (LA) and dilinoleic acid (DLA). The chemical structures of the new derivatives with different degrees of substitution of LA and DLA were assessed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Polymer films were prepared by solution casting and drying. The resistance of films to bacterial degradation was tested according ISO 846 standard: “Plastic-Evaluation of the Action of Microorganisms” and the antimicrobial properties were assessed using Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli and the fungi Candida albicans in an agar diffusion test. Bioassays showed an antimicrobial effect in direct contact with the material.
4
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Systemy automatycznej dystrybucji leków (unit dose) w szpitalach w Polsce oraz w wybranych krajach świata

100%
Żuk A., Stępniak P., Bialik W.
Annales Academiae Medicae Silesiensis
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2017
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vol. 71
304-313
EN
Implementing automation and information technology in medicine and pharmacy can reduce the number of medical errors. The automated medicine dispensing system Unit Dose, a computerized system of doctor’s orders and a barcode system to identify a single medicine dose with the patient are modern technologies that avert medical errors. Errors in pharmacotherapy are dangerous for the life and health of patients. The system of distributing medicines in which the hospital pharmacy fills orders for medicines for the hospital ward and not for the individual patient is still dominant in Poland. This system is insecure and poses a risk of generating errors in the administration of medications, in the documentation of medical recommendations and evaluation of the process of pharmacotherapy, especially in financial terms. For a several years now, hospitals in Poland have been introducing the Unit Dose medicine distribution system which enables the creation of electronic doctor’s orders and supervision of these orders by a pharmacist in the hospital pharmacy in terms of interaction between drugs and maintaining a proper drug dosage regimen, as is the case in hospitals around the world where such distribution systems have been used for years. A medicine distribution system is an important element necessary to ensure efficient functioning of the hospital. The Unit Dose medicine distribution system increases the safety of pharmacotherapy and reduces the cost of treatment. It also allows clinical pharmacists working in hospital pharmacies to directly influence the applied pharmacotherapy and work in the hospital ward. The Unit Dose medicine distribution system is the future of Polish and world hospital pharmacy.
PL
Implementowanie automatycznych i informatycznych technologii w medycynie i farmacji może zredukować liczbę błędów medycznych. Nowoczesnymi technologiami, pozwalającym ich uniknąć, są system automatycznego dozowania leków unit dose, wprowadzenie elektronicznych zleceń lekarskich, a także system kodów kreskowych, umożliwiający zidentyfikowanie pojedynczej dawki leku i pacjenta. Błędy w farmakoterapii są niebezpieczne dla życia i zdrowia pacjentów. W Polsce wciąż dominuje system dystrybucji leków, w którym apteka szpitalna realizuje zamówienia na leki dla oddziału szpitalnego, a nie dla indywidualnego pacjenta. System ten jest mało bezpieczny i stwarza ryzyko generowania błędów podczas podawania leków, dokumentowania ordynacji lekarskich oraz oceny procesu farmakoterapii, szczególnie pod względem finansowym. Od kilku lat w szpitalach w Polsce wprowadza się system dystrybucji leków unit dose, który umożliwia tworzenie elektronicznych zleceń lekarskich oraz ich kontrolę przez farmaceutę w aptece szpitalnej pod względem występowania interakcji między lekami i zachowania właściwego schematu dawkowania, jak ma to miejsce w szpitalach na świecie, gdzie od dawna stosowane są takie systemy dystrybucji. Sposób dystrybucji leków jest ważnym elementem, potrzebnym do zapewnienia sprawnego funkcjonowania szpitala. System unit dose zwiększa bezpieczeństwo farmakoterapii i zmniejsza koszty leczenia. Umożliwia również farmaceutom klinicznym pracującym w aptekach szpitalnych bezpośredni wpływ na stosowaną farmakoterapię i pracę na oddziale szpitalnym. System dystrybucji leków unit dose to przyszłość polskiej i światowej farmacji szpitalnej.
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