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EN
The effect of calcium upon embryonic growth was studied using cultured mouse preimplantation embryos. Both morphological development of the embryos and embryo DNA synthesis were shown to be dependent on the in the medium in which the embryos were grown. Reduction of the calcium concentration completely blocked cell division and blastocyst formation in the cultured embryos, but only moderately inhibited embryo DNA synthesis. Trifluoperazine, a calmodulin antagonist, strongly inhibited the calcium - dependent DNA synthesis in the embryos. On the other hand, the drug only slightly affected the morphological development of the embryos. These results demonstrate that calcium independently affects two different aspects of the embryo development, i.e. DNA synthesis and cell division. It is suggested that the former effect is calmodulin-dependent, while the latter involves the calcium-dependence of metabolite transport through the cell membranes.
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EN
Due to their activity against bacteria, viruses, and fungi, antimicrobial peptides are important factors in the innate resistance system of humans and animals. They are called "new generation antibiotics" for their potential use in preventive and therapeutic medicine. The most numerous group of antimicrobial peptides is a family of cationic peptides which include defensins and cathelicidins. Among them the most common are peptides with a beta-sheet structure containing three intra-molecular disulphide bonds, called defensins, comprising three classes: alpha, beta, and theta. The class of beta-defensins is the largest one. Their transcripts have been found in many tissues of humans and animals. The aim of this paper is to present the current knowledge about antimicrobial peptides from the defensin family in farm animals, their expression, polymorphism, as well as the potential of their use as genetic markers of health and production traits.
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