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EN
The paper contains a review of references for 35 genes controlling alkaloid content, growth rhythm, branching, vegetation length, shape and color of leaves, color of flowers and seeds, seed hardiness, pod characters and disease resistance.Authors of characters and gene symbols from different research centres and from different years are given on the basis of priority.The importance of these genes for breeding improvement is discussed.Type lines for characters/genes and genotype of more important cultivars colected in the Polish narrow-leafed lupin genebank are presented.
EN
After overcoming the main disadvantages of the yellow lupin (hard seed coat, pod shattering, high alkaloid content), a great breeding progress has been achieved over a relatively short period. Further genetic improvement of cultivars of this species is justified by its importance in crop rotation, high protein content of seeds (about 45 %) and ability to grow on poor soils. Major achievements, present cultivar ideotypes and future breeding aims are presented in this paper. A review of investigations on the range of variation and the mode of inheritance of the breeding characters described so far is also included. The range of expression and the practical value of 43 alleles in 20 loci is presented for the following characters: alkaloid content, pod shattering, growth rhythm, colour of plants, flowers and seed coat, plant branching pattern, and resistance to diseases and abiotic stresses. Typelines and/or cultivars with the most characteristic expression of the described characters/alleles are considered (all available in the Polish Lupin Gene Bank). Presented are also the improvements made so far using tissue culture and biotechnology in all lupin species (because exclusive investigations on L. luteus were not numerous), including the following aspects: vegetative propagation, embryo culture, embryo rescue culture, haploidization, protoplasts and somatic hybridization and transformation.
EN
Genetical analyses were conducted to find linkages and the locus of the gene calf on the Pisum chromosome map. The recessive, pleiotropic gene calf (enlarged and undulated leaflets, stipules, flowers and pods, plant sterile), artificially induced (the initial line - Large Podded G-20, the mutagene - DES and NMU) was described by Sharma in 1975. An identical mutant gene at the same locus was isolated in our research (the initial line - cv. Pegro, the mutagene - fast neutrons). Two lines were included in the Pisum gene bank - the type line for the gene calf - Wt 15873 and the representative line - Wt 16024. In linkage studies the representative line was crossed with tester lines bearing gene markers. Analyses of dihybrid segregation in F2 generations revealed linkages of the gene calf with chromosome 2 markers. Two isozymic markers helped to reveal the calf locus on chromosome 2 with the following gene order: Orp - Calf - K - Pgm-p - Fum. This is in agreement with the current Pisum linkage map.
EN
The limited gene pool used in breeding decreases the level of genetic diversity in legume cultivars. Morphological or physiological characters are not always sufficient for quick, easy and precise cultivar description. Isozyme variability of 33 commercial Polish pea cultivars was analysed. The level of allozyme polymorphism discovered was high enough for the identification of all cultivars within two groups: white flowering peas for human consumption and colored flowering peas for fodder. The range of RAPD marker polymorphism among three lupin crops (white lupin, narrow-leafed lupin and yellow lupin) was tested. It was possible to identify each of four white lupin cultivars by means of bands generated by two primers. Seven narrow-leafed lupin cultivars were distinguished using three other primers. Testing of RAPD marker polymorphism, supplemented in some cases with observations of seed coat color genes, allowed to identify all 12 yellow lupin cultivars. Thirteen field bean cultivars were tested by isozyme variability and RAPD polymorphism observations. Among 15 enzyme systems investigated, 10 showed a high level of inter- and intracultivar polymorphism but the range of allozyme variability discovered was useless for cultivar identification. All cultivars analysed could be distinguished by a combination of RAPD markers amplified using two primers.
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