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1

Physical Education and School Sport of the German Minority in Poland in the Interwar Period of the 20th Century

100%

Jurek T.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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2020

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vol. 30

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issue 2

25-31

EN

In the interwar period of the 20th century, 30% of the total population of Poland was comprised of national minorities. Among them, the German minority of 740 thousand people played a very prominent role. The Germans lived mainly in the western parts of Poland: Pomeranian, Poznań and Silesian voivodeships, as well as in the district of Lodz. The German community was wealthy and influential thanks to the economic traditions and support provided by the German state. In order to stop the process of polonization, the Germans established and developed numerous forms of economic, cultural and social activity. They were very active in the area of physical culture. Their activities included taking great care of the development of physical education and sport in German schools at both primary and secondary education level. Physical education classes were taught and school sports competitions were organized. Physical education was one of the most popular school subjects and was intended to preserve the “German spirit” among pupils. The majority of German schools had a curriculum in place that included two hours of physical education per week and some of them even four hours of PE classes per week. The best teaching staff and sports facilities were to be found in private schools, especially secondary schools, where physical education and school sports enjoyed a very prominent status.

2

The origins of the Special Olympics Movement in Poland in the 20th century

63%

Pilecka D., Jurek T.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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2020

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vol. 32

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issue 4

43-50

EN

Since World War II, sport involving people with disabilities has gradually evolved in Poland, and people with intellectual disabilities had not participated in any sporting events until the end of the 1960s. They were treated as second-class citizens having no rights that they should be entitled to. The reason behind this was the State’s policy towards sport, where high-performance sport, especially Olympic sport, played a vital role that was supposed to testify to the high level of civilisation in communist Poland. People with disabilities were regarded as a shameful problem and were practically kept hidden away. They, therefore, did not participate in social life, including athletic activities. The first competition held in Poland under the name of the Special Olympics was not organised until 1969 in Poznań. On May 26, 1973, the first national sporting event for mentally retarded children (as they were referred to at the time) was called Spartakiad and was held in Warsaw. That was around that time that the sports movement in Poland began to draw on American practices, and in the 1980s it adopted the form of the Special Olympics, both in terms of organisation and sporting activities. This period was marked by active cooperation with the USA and other countries, where Polish athletes with intellectual disabilities began to compete in international competitions.

3

Complicated course of facial cellulitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus in a 13-year-old boy with neutropenia - an adverse event analysis

51%

Rorat M., Kuchar E., Szenborn L., Jurek T.

Open Medicine

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2013

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vol. 8

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issue 2

220-224

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2 Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

1 Open Medicine

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3 Jurek T.

1 Kuchar E.

1 Pilecka D.

1 Rorat M.

1 Szenborn L.

Physical Education and School Sport of the German Minority in Poland in the Interwar Period of the 20th Century

The origins of the Special Olympics Movement in Poland in the 20th century

Complicated course of facial cellulitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus in a 13-year-old boy with neutropenia - an adverse event analysis