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  1. 5 Kosmos

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  1. 4 2009

  2. 1 2000

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  1. 5 Łomnicki A.

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Poziomy doboru, adaptacje

100%
Łomnicki A.
|
EN
This article shortly discusses why natural selection should be considered at the level of genes, instead of individuals. This standpoint is justified with kin selection theory, the concept of selfish gene and the conflicts within genomes. The reasons for the introduction of group selection are explained and the idea of the adaptation for the good of species is critically discussed. Two theoretical models of group selection are introduced, and their links with kin selection, disease virulence and human social behaviour are explained. The definition of adaptation according to Williams is given and the distinction between proximate and ultimate factors introduced.
2
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Dobór naturalny

100%
Łomnicki A.
Kosmos
|
2009
|
vol. 58
|
issue 3-4
323-328
EN
Some basic rules concerning the theory and the consequences of natural selection are presented and the definition of natural selection is given according to Endler (1986). The concept of fitness and its diverse definitions are presented and a short account of natural selection as the process of changes in gene frequencies is given. Some counterintuitive examples of the outcomes of selection and its limitations are introduced. The selection on quantitative traits and the concept of heritability are also discussed.
3
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Spotkanie teorii Darwina z genetyką

100%
Łomnicki A.
Kosmos
|
2009
|
vol. 58
|
issue 3-4
315-317
EN
In this article the relations between heredity and the evolution by natural selection are discussed. The Darwin's attempts to solve the problems of heredity were based on pre-Mendelian intuitions, and the discovery of the Mendelian rules inclined some outstanding geneticists to reject the Darwinian theory of natural selection. The difficulties of combining genetics with the theory of natural selection were overcome by population geneticists, but some problems, such as the evolution of altruism or the maintenance of sexuality remained open. They were investigated at the second half of 20th Century and they are now either solved or close to the solution. Meantime, the developments in the study of hereditary variation in the field and the progress in molecular biology have clarified some unsolved questions and opened new perspectives for the evolutionary theory.
4
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Dryf genetyczny

100%
Łomnicki A.
Kosmos
|
2009
|
vol. 58
|
issue 3-4
377-384
EN
This article is a short account of the theory of the genetic drift and some of its important consequences. In order to explain this theory simple simulation in Microsoft Excel is applied to show what one can expect in a large population divided into many small populations and some very basic formula concerning the genetic drift are introduced. These introductions allow the presentation of the fate of neutral mutations in small and large populations and the Kimura theory. The relations of drift to other pressures: mutation and selection are shortly discussed.
5
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Biologia ewolucyjna i jej relacje z ekologią i etologią w wieku XX.

51%
Łomnicki A.
Kosmos
|
2000
|
vol. 49
|
issue 3
343-350
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