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Auditory perception of temporal order in centenarians in comparison with young and elderly subjects

100%
Kolodziejczyk I., Szelag E.
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issue 3
373-381
EN
Temporal information processing controls many aspects of human mental activity and may be assessed by examining perception of temporal order in the tens of milliseconds time range. Although existing studies suggest an age-related decline in mental abilities, the data on the deterioration of temporal order perception seems inconsistent. Moreover, any evidence on subjects aged over 70 years is lacking. The present experiment aimed to extend the existing data to extremely old people. Temporal order judgment (TOJ) for auditory stimuli was tested across the life span of approx. 80 years, i.e. in young (mean age 22 years), elderly (66 years) and very old (101 years) subjects. Age-related deterioration of performance was observed, with slight changes in elderly subjects and significant deterioration in centenarians which was more distinct in women than in men. The results confirm age-related decrease in temporal resolution which may be explained by slowing of information processing or of a hypothetical internal-timing mechanism. These effects may be influenced by different strategies used in particular age groups.
2
Content available remote

Conscious control of movements: increase of temporal precision in voluntarily delayed actions?

81%
Szelag E., Rymarczyk K., Poppel E.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2001
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vol. 61
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issue 3
175-179
EN
The variability of simple actions with response to auditory stimuli was studied under different delay conditions. Subjects reacted as fast as possible or with a defined time delay (from 250 to 750 ms) to a tone switching off by pressing a response-key with the left index finger (controlled by the right hemisphere) or with the right one (left hemisphere). For short delays (requested response times below 350 ms) variability of responses was much larger then for longer delays (above 350 ms), especially for the right hand. Thus, precise temporal control on consciously mediated actions sets only in after a rather long delay (in some cases after half a second). Neuronal mechanisms underlying conscious temporal control of actions appear to be different for the two hemispheres.
3
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Reproduction of auditory and visual standards in monochannel cochlear implant users

81%
Kanabus M., Szelag E., Kolodziejczyk I., Szuchnik J.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2004
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vol. 64
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issue 3
395-402
EN
The temporal reproduction of standard durations ranging from 1 to 9 seconds was investigated in monochannel cochlear implant (CI) users and in normally hearing subjects for the auditory and visual modality. The results showed that the pattern of performance in patients depended on their level of auditory comprehension. Results for CI users, who displayed relatively good auditory comprehension, did not differ from that of normally hearing subjects for both modalities. Patients with poor auditory comprehension significantly overestimated shorter auditory standards (1, 1.5 and 2.5 s), compared to both patients with good comprehension and controls. For the visual modality the between-group comparisons were not significant. These deficits in the reproduction of auditory standards were explained in accordance with both the attentional-gate model and the role of working memory in prospective time judgment. The impairments described above can influence the functioning of the temporal integration mechanism that is crucial for auditory speech comprehension on the level of words and phrases. We postulate that the deficits in time reproduction of short standards may be one of the possible reasons for poor speech understanding in monochannel CI users.
4
Content available remote

Temporal order judgement for auditory and visual stimuli

81%
Kanabus M., Szelag E., Rojek E., Poppel E.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2002
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vol. 62
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issue 4
263-270
EN
The ability to perceive temporal order for pairs of auditory and visual stimuli was investigated in 12 volunteers. They were asked to make judgements about the order of presented stimuli by pressing two response buttons in a certain order. The performance on auditory and visual tests was studied in relation to the Inter-Stimulus-Interval (ISI), which varied from 5 to 500 ms. In general, the level of performance was similar for the two modalities and the criterion of 75% of correct responses was reached at ISI longer than 40 ms, independently of the modality. These findings are consistent with previous research. However, at ISI of 5 ms, a significantly higher level of correctness was observed for the auditory than visual task. Such a tendency was also observed for ISIs of 10, 20 and 40 ms. Better processing in the auditory compared to the visual task at shorter ISIs may result from a different kind of transduction mechanism at the level of receptive cells in each modality. Alternatively, subjects may use two different kinds of response strategies in the auditory modality, only one being comparable to the response strategy in the visual modality.
5
Content available remote

Temporal constraints in processing of nonverbal rhythmic patterns

71%
Szelag E., Steinbuchel N., Reiser M., de Langen E. G., Poppel E.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1996
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vol. 56
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issue 1
215-225
EN
This study investigates the effect of a mental content of presented stimuli, normal aging and individual differences in cognitive abilities on temporal limits of an integration mechanism. Younger and older subjects grouped together the beats generated by a metronome. Subjects were asked to listen to the beats of a metronome and to accentuate mentally every second, third, fourth...etc. beats, to create a subjective rhythm. This rhythm exists, in fact, only in subjects' mind and not objectively. Subjects reported verbally how many clicks they were able to integrate into a perceptual unit. On this basis, the time interval during which subjects were able to integrate temporally separated stimuli was calculated (number of beats reported as being integrated x time distance between beats) for different metronome frequencies. The results show, firstly, that the length of integration periods significantly depends on the frequency of presented metronome beats. When the frequency of metronome beats is high, the time interval during which the subjects' integrate beats into a single perceptual unit is shorter. Secondly, older adults integrate information during a longer time interval then the younger ones. Thirdly, the length of an integration period is related to a subjects' level of cognitive ability. These results suggest that the length of an integration period is not a constant, stable feature, but varies across the life span depending on the mental content of the information presented and individual factors.
6
Content available remote

Individual differences in the functional asymmetry of the human brain

71%
Grabowska A., Herman A., Nowicka A., Szatkowska I., Szelag E.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1994
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vol. 54
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issue 2
155-162
7
Content available remote

Individual differences in temporal information processing in humans

71%
Szelag E., Kanabus M., Kolodziejczyk I., Kowalska J., Szuchnik J.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2004
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vol. 64
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issue 3
349-366
EN
This article reviews some of our investigations concerning individual differences in temporal information processing. Two different levels of temporal information processing are discussed, namely the low-frequency (i.e., a few seconds time range) and the high-frequency processing level (i.e., some tens of milliseconds range) of temporal information with respect to various experimental paradigms. Evidence has been obtained indicating that the processing of temporal information on these two levels can be influenced by various subject-related factors, out of which age, gender, developmental disorders, auditory experience and localisation of damage in the brain seem to be the most significant.
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