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PL
Czwartorzędowe ciecze jonowe (CSA), ze względu na ich szerokie zastosowania, głównie jako surfaktanty i środki odkażające, stanowią zagrożenie zarówno dla środowiska, jak i dla zdrowia człowieka. Artykuł przedstawia charakterystykę, zastosowanie i występowanie w środowisku CSA, ich aktywność przeciwdrobnoustrojową, a także toksyczność tych związków dla środowiska i człowieka. Około 25% stosowanych CSA dostaje się do środowiska głownie ze ściekami. Szczególnie wrażliwe na te związki są organizmy wodne, zwłaszcza glony, natomiast ich obecność w glebie powoduje pojawienie się w roślinach stresu oksydacyjnego. Człowiek narażony jest na kontakt z CSA głównie w miejscach ich produkcji i zastosowania. Najczęstszym objawem ekspozycji na CSA jest kontaktowe zapalenie skóry, a także podrażnienie dróg oddechowych oraz alergie. Ponadto istnieją możliwości wywołania przez CSA mutacji prowadzących do zmian nowotworowych.
EN
The wide use of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), mostly as surfactants and disinfectants, may cause a threat both to the environment and human health. This article presents characteristics and use of QACs, their occurrence in the environment, antimicrobial activity and toxicity to the environment and the man. Approximately 25% of used QACs enter the environment mainly with sewage. Aquatic organisms, especially algae, are very sensitive to these compounds. The presence of QACs in soil causes oxidative stress in plans. The people are exposed to the contact with these substances mainly in places of their production and usage. The most common symptoms of exposure to QACs are contact dermatitis, irritation of respiratory system and allergies. Furthermore, QACs may induce mutations and becoming cancerogenic.
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EN
Ionic liquids have attracted considerable interest in various areas as new, non-volatile and non-flammable organic solvents, catalysts, reaction additives, ligands, drugs and other dedicated materials etc. Their general use, sometimes in bulky quantities, requires determination of their potential ecotoxicity on selected organisms. In the present work, influence of triphenylmethylphosphonium iodide (1) and triphenylhexadecylphosphonium iodide (2), introduced to soil, on germination and early stages of growth and development of superior plants was investigated using the plant growth test based on the OECD/OCDE 208/2006. In this test, the seeds of selected species, i.e. land superior plants - spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) and common radish (Raphanus sativus L. subvar. radicula Pers.) were planted in pots containing soil to which a test chemical compound had been added and in pots with control soil. To evaluate the phytotoxicity of ionic liquids 1 and 2 germination and weight (dry and fresh) of control plant seedlings were determined and compared with the germination and weight (dry and fresh) of the seedlings of plants grown in the soil watered with appropriate amounts of the test chemicals. The visual assessment of any types of damage to the test species, such as growth inhibition, chlorosis and necrosis, was also carried out and documented by digital photographs. Based on the obtained results, magnitudes of the LOEC - the lowest concentration causing observable effects in the form of reduction in growth and germination compared with the control and the NOEC - the highest concentration not causing observable, toxic effects - were also determined.
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