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Kosmos
|
2007
|
vol. 56
|
issue 3-4
383-391
EN
Melatonin is one of most widespread biological particles. Till now its presence is confirmed in vast range of organisms belonging to bacteria, protozoa, plants, fungi and animals. Recent studies show a large number of roles played by this small molecule. They vary from protective role in intracellular metabolism to involvement in photoperiodism and circadian behaviour and all this only among vertebrates. Those facts rise question about processes which lead to such diversity. We looked into the model of evolution of melatonin functions proposed by Hardeland and Poeggeler (2003). Authors suggest protective role in cell metabolism as free radical scavenger and antioxidant as the preliminary function of melatonin. Its relevance rose in cooperation with increasing concentration of oxygen both in cell and in environment (as a result of development of photosynthesis and mitochondria). As the photosynthesis is a circadian process concentration of oxygen in early atmosphere could also varied with circadian rhythm what could in turn cause rhythmic demand for antioxidant action. This process would later lead to endogenous circadian oscillation of melatonin concentration triggered by light what resulted in involvement in photoperiodically regulated actions. We confronted the proposed model with results of melatonin-linked studies held on invertebrates - a polyphyletic taxon which presents many types of organisms physiology and morphology. In some cases research teams found multilevel involvement of melatonin in biology of investigated species. On the contrary to vertebrates, invertebrates show not only day-peak pattern of melatonin circadian concentration. Also night peaks and lack of rhythm ware observed even in closely related species (e.g. Decapoda). Correlation between presence of exogenous melatonin and circadian behaviour modification was also shown in a few species. In spite of limited data and not large number of species investigated we can conclude that the model fits available data pretty well. Interesting conclusion of this review is that the new function of melatonin does not replace the older one, only develops in parallel. The natural selection process does not create a new attribute in response to environment challenge, it only adopts one of existing features of organisms.
Kosmos
|
2017
|
vol. 66
|
issue 4
595-608
PL
Wiele odkryć, fundamentalnych dla rozwoju biologii XX w., dokonało się dzięki badaniom prowadzonym na ptakach. Wśród nich należy wymienić opracowanie przez Ludwika Pasteura podstaw i praktycznego stosowania szczepionek oraz wskazanie przez Bruce'a Glicka roli bursy Fabrycjusza, istotnej dla zrozumienia podstawowych mechanizmów odpornościowych. Zwłaszcza poznanie funkcjonalnej dychotomii układu odpornościowego ptaków, u których bursa Fabrycjusza stanowi centralne miejsce dojrzewania limfocytów odpowiedzialnych za produkcję przeciwciał, skłoniło uczonych do poszukiwania u ssaków odpowiednika bursy Fabrycjusza. Dzięki tym odkryciom nowoczesna immunologia mogła zacząć swój dynamiczny rozwój, posługując się najnowszymi metodami biologii molekularnej. A bursa Fabrycjusza nadal przyciąga zainteresowanie wielu badaczy, wykrywających liczne peptydy pochodzenia bursalnego wywierające efekty regulacyjne nie tylko w układzie odpornościowym ptaków, lecz także o szerszym działaniu biologicznym, w odniesieniu do procesów odpornościowych ssaków, nowotworzenia czy działania antyoksydacyjnego. Cechy anatomiczne układu odpornościowego kury domowej, takie jak brak węzłów chłonnych, eozynofili czy limfocytów rezydujących mogą wskazywać na prostotę jego budowy. Dodatkowo zsekwencjonowanie genomu kury domowej pokazało, że u ptaków wiele procesów odpornościowych może się odbywać przy bardziej oszczędnym repertuarze cytokin, chemokin, receptorów i cząsteczek kostymulujących niż ten, który występuje u ssaków. Jednak to uproszczenie jest tylko pozorne, ponieważ układ odpornościowy ptaków spełnia właściwie wszystkie funkcje jakie spełnia układ odpornościowy ssaków.
EN
Attribution by Bruce Glick in the fifties/sixties of twenty century an essential role of the bursa of Fabricius in the differentiation of a particular lymphocyte population in the chicken was a milestone in the modern immunology development. Incoming studies on both avian and mammalian experimental models were able to prove a functional dissociation of the humoral and cell-mediated immune response and to demonstrate that the bursa of Fabricius plays an important role in antibody production. Subsequently, the research was oriented towards the identification of the mammalian "bursa-equivalent" where the antibody-producing lymphocytes, named B-cells in the honor to the bursa of Fabricius, should be generated. Finally, this role in mammals has been proven for the embryonic liver and for the bone marrow lymphopoiesis in the postnatal life. Apart from that, bursa of Fabricius is an endocrine organ producing several peptides exhibiting immunoregulatory activity, not only towards the avian immune functions but also influencing mammalian immunity, both in vivo and in vitro. The most important among them seem to be: bursin (tripeptide discovered as the first bursal peptide), BASP (bursal anti-steroidogenic peptide, exerting and inhibitory effect on the steroid hormone synthesis in the ovarian follicles and adrenal cortex) and bursopentin (BP5, a peptide with an antioxidative properties). The anatomical features of the domestic chicken immune system, such as lack of lymph nodes, eosinophils or resident lymphocytes, may indicate the simplicity of its organization. In addition, the sequencing of the domestic chicken genome has shown that many immune processes in birds may occur with a more scant repertoire of cytokines, chemokines, receptors and costimulatory molecules than those found in mammals. However, this simplification is only apparent because the avian immune system fulfills all the functions as those of the mammalian one.
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