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1

Individualization of Physical Loads and Speed Abilities of Young Soccer Players in a Six-Month Training Macrocycle

100%

Andrzejewski M., Chmura J., Strzelczyk R., Konarski J.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2009

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vol. 22

35-41

EN

The aim of this paper was to address the issue of individualized training loads and its influence on speed development among speed-type and endurance-type players during a six-month training macrocycle.The research was conducted in a group of 36 young male soccer players from for two sport clubs: Lech Poznań and Warta Poznań. The stages of the study undertaken resulted from the time structure of sport training and were carried out during a six-month macrocycle. The players of Lech Poznań took part in a test which involved applying three series' (six repetitions each) of speed-type exercises, with regard to the player's motor type in each of the three training units comprising the weekly macrocycle. During each stage of data collection, the players were subjected to a stress test for stretches of 10, 20 and 30 m.The study has shown a significant impact of individualization of training loads on development of speed abilities in the examined players. An increase of speed during the tests of 10 and 20 m was noted in both speed and endurance-type players. This was probably an effect of adapting individual training loads to motor predispositions of the players during the six months of the experiment. It can be also assumed that the increase in speed among the subjects is a result of rising phosphagen potential and enzymatic activity (especially creatine kinase), as well as improved motor units recruitment.

2

Changes of Reaction Time and Blood Lactate Concentration of Elite Volleyball Players During a Game

100%

Mroczek D., Kawczyński A., Chmura J.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2011

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vol. 28

73-78

EN

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in reaction time of elite volleyball players during a game. Fourteen volleyball players participated in the study. Reaction time was measured using the Optojump system. In addition, blood lactate concentration was assessed to monitor physiological load during the game. All measurements were performed during a pre-game test and during sets 1, 2, 3 and 4. Reaction time during set 1 decreased significantly by 13,3 % compared with pre-game values, from 600 ms during the pre-game test to 520 ms during set 1 (p<0,05). Blood lactate concentration increased significantly during set 1, 2, 3 and 4 compared with pre-game conditions (p<0,05). Reaction time stays in the first phase of its changes pattern and elite volleyball players do not reach psychomotor fatigue threshold throughout the game.

3

Analysis of Match Performance of Full-backs from Selected European Soccer Leagues

88%

Konefał M., Chmura P., Andrzejewski M., Pukszta D., Chmura J.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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2015

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vol. 11

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issue 3

45-53

EN

The aim of the present study was the analysis of match activities of full-backs from selected European national soccer leagues. The study sample comprised 30 full-backs playing in the autumn round of the 2014/15 season from five European national top-tier leagues: English Premier League, Spanish Primera Division, German Bundesliga, Russian Priemjer Liga and Italian Serie A. The performance of full-backs (left-back and right-back) from each selected team was analyzed using a professional match analysis system OptaPro which tracks every possible type of ball touch and on the ball action in match covered by a rigid set of definitions. The data for analysis included the total number of passes, total number of crosses, and total number of ball touches performed by the fullbacks in three zones of the pitch: attack, midfield and defense. The study results showed that the full-backs from the Spanish Primera Division executed the highest number of passes and crosses as well as ball touches in the attack zone. They also performed the lowest number of passes in the midfield and defense zones, in which the highest percentage of passes was achieved by the full-backs from the German league teams. The study indicates that in modern soccer defenders must possess a high level of offensive skills that can be necessary in the last stage of a team’s attack.

4

DISTANCE COVERED BELOW AND ABOVE THE ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD BY ELITE GERMAN GOALKEEPERS

76%

Parus P., Chmura P., Konefał M., Andrzejewski M., Kowalczuk E., Chmura J.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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2017

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vol. 17

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issue 1

25-32

EN

The study aimed to assess the total covered distance during a match, performance volume below and above the anaerobic threshold, as well as characterize physical activities of professional Bundesliga goalkeepers during soccer matches. 34 goalkeepers (606 observations) from all eighteen Bundesliga teams, who played in the 2014/2015 season were considered for the study. The performance of goalkeepers was analyzed with the use of the VIS.TRACK system. The variables measured included: total covered distance [km] in the whole match, the first half, and the second half; distance covered below and above the anaerobic threshold (4 m • s–1) [km]; and distance covered in six intensity ranges [km]. The total distance covered by the goalkeepers was 5.48 ±0.56 km. The distance covered by goalkeepers below the anaerobic threshold was 5.28 ±0.52 km, whereas the distance covered above the anaerobic threshold amounted to 0.21 ±0.09 km. The ratio between the goalkeepers’ volumes of aerobic and anaerobic performance was 25:1. The total distance covered by goalkeepers in match play and the distances covered by goalkeepers below and above the anaerobic threshold (96.17% and 3.83%, respectively) indicate that during a match the goalkeepers undertake predominantly aerobic exercises.

5

Characteristics of body tissue composition and functional traits in junior football players

76%

Burdukiewicz A., Chmura J., Pietraszewska J., Andrzejewska J., Stachoń A., Nosal J.

Human Movement

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2013

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vol. 14

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issue 2

96-101

EN

Purpose The aim of this study was to examine the body tissue composition and functional traits of young football players. Methods. Analysis was performed on 23 junior football players. Body mass and height were measured. Bioelectrical impedance was used to assess the players’ body composition (fat mass, muscle mass, body cell mass and extracellular mass). The body mass index, body cell mass index and the extracellular mass/body cell mass ratio were also calculated. Functional traits were assessed by a one-on-one football game in an enclosed space with the objective to score the highest number of goals in a timed setting. Measurements of HRrest, HRmax and heart rate reserve were used to evaluate the efficiency of the subjects’ cardiovascular systems. Results. Insignificant differences in body tissue composition and cardiovascular efficiency were found regardless of what position was played. Overall, forwards were characterised by having the greatest height, the highest level of active body tissue development and the most efficient cardiovascular systems. Defenders were characterised by having larger body build, while midfielders displayed a significantly greater percentage of extracellular mass and EMC in relation to BC M. Conclusions. The results reveal that trends exist in the body tissue composition and cardiovascular efficiency of football players depending on which position they play. These differences reflect the varied physical efforts players perform during a match and should be taken into consideration when designing training programmes.

6

Endurance and Speed Capacity of the Korea Republic Football National Team During the World Cup of 2010

76%

Duk O., Min K., Kawczyński A., Chmura P., Mroczek D., Chmura J.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2011

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vol. 30

115-121

EN

The aim of the study was to characterize selected indices of endurance and speed of the Korea Republic team with reference to the four best teams during the World Cup of 2010. Five hundred and ninety-nine football players from thirty-two teams participated in the study. All teams played in the 2010 World Cup in South Africa. For the assessment of the players' motor activity during matches common kinematic test results were recorded using the Castrol Performance Index. The following variables were analysed: total distance covered by the team, distance covered by individual players, maximum running speed and average match running speed for the team and individual players, as well as with division with regard to playing position: defenders, midfielders, strikers. In comparison to the four best teams at the football World Cup of 2010, the Korea Republic players achieved the highest running speed (p≤0.05), and similar levels of covered distance and average match running speed.

7

DISTANCES COVERED ABOVE AND BELOW THE ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD BY PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL PLAYERS IN DIFFERENT COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS

76%

Chmura P., Konefał M., Kowalczuk E., Andrzejewski M., Rokita A., Chmura J.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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2015

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vol. 10

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issue 2

25-31

EN

In modern endurance training information about an athlete’s performance below and above the anaerobic threshold is crucial. The aim of the present study was a comparative analysis of the total distance covered by football players in two rounds of the 2013/1014 playing season. Furthermore, the study also assessed the performance of elite Bundesliga players during competitive matches, above and below the running speed of 4 m·s –1, corresponding to the level of anaerobic threshold (AT). The players’ mean body height was 183.00 ±6.44 cm, body mass 78.19 ±7.42 kg, and mean age was 27.99 ±3.47 years. The analysis was carried using the Impire AG motion analysis system on the basis of official match reports from the Deutscher Fußball-Bund (DFB). The study revealed that the total distance covered by the players in match-play was significantly shorter in the second round of the playing season. The distance covered by the players below the AT is significantly shorter in the spring round than in the autumn round, while the distance covered above the AT shows a reverse, although non-significant tendency. In the spring round the volume of players’ work performed above the anaerobic threshold is greater than the volume of exercise performed below the AT.

8

Evaluation of the Blood Antioxidant Capacity in Two Selected Phases of the Training Cycle in Professional Soccer Players

64%

Michalczyk M., Kłapcińska B., Sadowska-Krępa E., Jagsz S., Pilis W., Szołtysek-Bołdys I., Chmura J., Kimsa E., Kempa K.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2008

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vol. 19

93-108

EN

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a regular pre-season training on the aerobic performance and the blood antioxidant defense capacity in soccer players from the Polish Premier League club (n=19) and IVth League team (n=15). The players participated in an incremental treadmill running exercise to volitional fatigue twice (i.e., at the beginning (Trial A) and the end (Trial B) of the pre-season spring training). In venous blood samples, taken at rest and 3 min post-test, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH-Px, CAT, GR) and concentrations of non-enzymatic antioxidants (GSH, tocopherols, retinol, uric acid) and malondialdehyde as a lipid peroxidation biomarker were measured. With the aim of between-group comparisons and possible conclusions on training-induced changes in the capacity of the blood antioxidant defense, the POTAX index was calculated as a sum of standardized activities of antioxidant enzymes and concentrations of non-enzymatic antioxidants.The results of the present study indicate that the players from the Premier League club were characterized by only slightly higher maximal oxygen uptake rates, the differences compared to IVth League team, as assessed in both trials, were statistically insignificant. Participation in the pre-season training resulted in a moderate improvement of aerobic performance, although only a few players were characterized by VO2max comparable to the international-class elite performers. No distinct differences were observed in the level of aerobic performance between higher- and lower-classified players.Pre-season training led to an improvement in the global blood antioxidant capacity expressed in terms of POTAOX indices, although the changes in the activities and concentrations of individual components of the antioxidant system were less pronounced. Training-induced level of antioxidant conditioning was higher among the Premier League players, which may be related to differences in the training schedule and nutritional preparation of the athletes.

9

Aerobic capacity and sprint velocity of Leagues I and IV football players

64%

Michalczyk M., Kłapcińska B., Poprzęcki S., Jagsz S., Sadowska-Krępa E., Kimsa E., Kempa K., Chmura J.

Biomedical Human Kinetics

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2010

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vol. 2

9-14

EN

Study aim: To assess the aerobic capacity, sprint velocity and changes in biochemical variables in football players preparing for the spring round of matches.Material and methods: Football players from League I (n = 19) and League IV (n = 15) were subjected twice to a graded running tests at the beginning and at the end of the pre-season preparation period. The following variables were recorded: maximum running velocity (km/h), O2max (ml/kg/min), pulmonary ventilation (VE), load at the lactate threshold (LT) expressed as the threshold velocity (LTV; km/h) or %O2max, activities of enzymes in plasma - creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), concentrations of lactate (La), ammonia (NH3) and of glucose (Gl) in plasma. At the end of the study the players were also subjected to a 30-m sprint test.Results: In League I players, LT significantly (p<0.05) increased from 11.9 ± 0.8 (at the beginning) to 12.6 ± 0.7 km/h (at the end of the pre-season preparation period) and the maximum load - from 17.4 ± 0.9 to 18.3 ± 1.0 km/h, respectively. Also, the concentrations of NH3 and Gl significantly (p<0.05) increased and enzyme activities tended to increase (p<0.10) following the graded running test. Moreover, they attained significantly (p<0.05) higher velocity at the first 5 m of the 30-m sprint test than their League IV mates.Conclusions: The negligible differences between football players from Leagues I and IV in their aerobic capacity and speed abilities, and the marked distance from world elite players in those indices, call for substantial changes in training strategies and schedules.

10

The Effects of a Six-week Plyometric Training Program on the Stiffness of Anterior and Posterior Muscles of the Lower Leg in Male Volleyball Players

64%

Mroczek D., Superlak E., Seweryniak T., Maćkała K., Konefał M., Chmura P., Borzucka D., Rektor Z., Chmura J.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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2017

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vol. 20

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issue 4

107-115

EN

The study assesses the effects of a six-week plyometric training program (PT) on muscle stiffness in the dominant and non-dominant leg in male collegiate volleyball players. The study group comprised 16 volleyball players who had played collegiate volleyball for at least four years. For six consecutive weeks, twice a week, the players undertook a plyometric program of 60-min training sessions, each preceded with a specialist warm-up. The analysis of the anterior muscles of the right and the left lower leg revealed a significant increase in stiffness in the muscles of the right leg and the left leg. No significant differences were found between the anterior muscles of the left lower leg and the right lower leg in particular weeks of the training program. The analysis of the posterior lower leg muscles revealed no significant differences, either in the consecutive weekly training microcycles or between the left leg and the right leg. The measurement of muscle tone and biomechanical properties of muscles can be used as a fast and direct assessment of plyometric training-related muscle fatigue. A similar level of muscle stiffness in both lower legs (symmetry) is a reflection of the appropriate selection of plyometric training loads.

Refine search results

Individualization of Physical Loads and Speed Abilities of Young Soccer Players in a Six-Month Training Macrocycle

Changes of Reaction Time and Blood Lactate Concentration of Elite Volleyball Players During a Game

Analysis of Match Performance of Full-backs from Selected European Soccer Leagues

DISTANCE COVERED BELOW AND ABOVE THE ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD BY ELITE GERMAN GOALKEEPERS

Characteristics of body tissue composition and functional traits in junior football players

Endurance and Speed Capacity of the Korea Republic Football National Team During the World Cup of 2010

DISTANCES COVERED ABOVE AND BELOW THE ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD BY PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL PLAYERS IN DIFFERENT COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS

Evaluation of the Blood Antioxidant Capacity in Two Selected Phases of the Training Cycle in Professional Soccer Players

Aerobic capacity and sprint velocity of Leagues I and IV football players

The Effects of a Six-week Plyometric Training Program on the Stiffness of Anterior and Posterior Muscles of the Lower Leg in Male Volleyball Players