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A new outlook on the evaluation of health state and physical capacity of skiers with disabilities as exemplified by a female Paralympic Champion

100%

Gawroński W.

Advances in Rehabilitation

2017

vol. 31

issue 1

5-16

Introduction Initially, sport for the disabled (including skiing) was only considered to be a follow-up to rehabilitation. Modifications concerning the rules and classifications of athletes (reducing the number of classes) led to increased competition and to the fact that winning started to be determined more by physical performance features than by a type of dysfunction. This required more regular training and greater training loads as well as observing health state and training effectiveness more carefully. The aim of the work is to present the methodology of assessing health state of the athletes and the level of their physical capacity and to discuss the results of the research conducted on a female skier during the period of her greatest achievements. Material and methods The research group consisted of cross-country skiers with motor disabilities who were preparing for Paralympic Games in the years 2002-2010. A regular complex model of assessing health was implemented. It consisted of medical examinations and a physical capacity test (to failure) during which selected physiological and metabolic indices as well as the amount of work and mean power were marked. Results Health assessment consisted of the report confirming that the athlete is capable of taking part in training sessions and competitions. The results of a physical capacity test, i.e. duration of work, peak power and power at the anaerobic threshold as well as heart reactions show the moment when the subject demonstrated the highest level of physical capacity in the course of the observation. Conclusions A regular observation makes it possible to prevent negative health consequences of increased training loads and to monitor the reactions of the subjects’ bodies to the tasks in particular periods of the preparation cycle. Sports achievements of the female athlete confirm the effectiveness of the training and observation, while her features may serve as an example of morpho-functional posture which enabled her to compete for the title of the Paralympic Champion in cross-country skiing.

The Development of Medical Care in Polish Paralympic Sport

63%

Gawroński W., Sobiecka J.

Medical Rehabilitation

2018

vol. 22(4)

39-48

Prekursorskie badania lekarskie wśród sportowców miały miejsce w okresie międzywojennym XX wieku w ośrodkach uniwersyteckich. Dały one podwaliny dla poradnictwa sportowo-lekarskiego. Pierwsze z nich powstało we Lwowie w 1924 roku. Pierwotnie opieką objęci zostali wyłącznie zawodnicy pełnosprawni, mimo że w tych latach powstawały międzynarodowe organizacje sportu niepełnosprawnych. Zainteresowanie opieką medyczną sportowców z niepełnosprawnością wzrosło pod koniec ubiegłego wieku, wraz z rozwojem sportu paraolimpijskiego. Początkiem obecnego stulecia w podręcznikach medycyny sportowej ukazały się całe rozdziały poświęcone tej tematyce. W 2018 roku w książce „Adaptive Sports Medicine” ostatecznie potwierdzono, że badania lekarskie tzw. pre-participation evaluation są istotne w ocenie stanu zdrowia każdego zawodnika z niepełnosprawnością. Jednak w Polsce do końca XX wieku osoby trenujące z różnymi dysfunkcjami praktycznie nie były w kręgu zainteresowania medycyny sportowej. Z analizy dostępnej dokumentacji oraz krajowego piśmiennictwa wynika, że rozwój opieki medycznej w polskim sporcie paraolimpijskim przebiegał w czterech okresach, począwszy od rehabilitacji, aż do wdrożenia obowiązkowych badań z zakresu medycyny sportowej. Ponadto ważnym wydarzeniem w tym aspekcie okazały się Igrzyska Paraolimpijskie w Atlancie (1996). Po raz pierwszy polskiej reprezentacji towarzyszył lekarz specjalista medycyny sportowej i masażysta. Poza tym przełomowe znaczenie dla rozwoju opieki medycznej miało powołanie w 1998 roku Polskiego Komitetu Paraolimpijskiego, który podjął wiele inicjatyw w tym zakresie. Przy czym dopiero w 2012 roku, w ślad za Rozporządzeniem Ministra Zdrowia z 2011 roku, wyegzekwowano wprowadzenie obowiązkowych badań z zakresu medycyny sportowej u wszystkich polskich zawodniczek i zawodników kadry paraolimpijskiej. Ale niestety, do dnia dzisiejszego, opieka medyczna jest akcyjna i ogranicza się do lat rozgrywania igrzysk paraolimpijskich.

Precursory preparticipation examination among athletes took place during the interwar period of the 20th century at university centres, which laid the foundation for present sports and medical counselling. The first study was founded in Lvov in 1924. Initially, care was provided for non-disabled athletes, despite the fact that international sport organizations for the disabled athletes were established in those years. The interest in medical care of athletes with disabilities increased at the end of the previous century, along with the development of Paralympic sport. At the beginning of the 21st century, entire chapters devoted to this subject appeared in sports medicine textbooks. In 2018, in the book titled “Adaptive Sports Medicine”, it was finally confirmed that so-called ‘pre-participation evaluation’ is important in assessing the health status of all athletes with disabilities. However, in Poland, up until the end of the 20th century, people with various disabilities practicing sports were practically not interested in sports medicine. Analysis of available documentation and domestic literature suggests that the development of medical care in Polish Paralympic sport took place in four periods, ranging from rehabilitation to the implementation of mandatory preparticipation examination in the field of sports medicine. Moreover, the Paralympic Games in Atlanta (1996) proved to be an important event in this aspect. For the first time, the Polish representation was accompanied by a specialist in sports medicine and a massage therapist. Apart from this, a breakthrough in the development of medical care was the establishment of the Polish Paralympic Committee in 1998, which undertook many initiatives in this area. However, it was only in 2012, following the Regulation of the Minister of Health from 2011, that obligatory preparticipation examination in the field of sports medicine were enforced for all Polish athletes and representatives of the Paralympic team. But unfortunately, to this day, medical care is stock and limited to the years of paralympic games.

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A new outlook on the evaluation of health state and physical capacity of skiers with disabilities as exemplified by a female Paralympic Champion

The Development of Medical Care in Polish Paralympic Sport