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EN
There are several risk factors whose association with atherosclerosis, a chronic disease with complicated etiology, is well established, including age, gender, smoking, lipids metabolism disorders, diabetes mellitus, obesity and reduced physical activity. Surprisingly, many cardiovascular related deaths occur in individuals without standard risk factors, so it has been suggested that these cases must be the result of other factors, previously not taken into account. This phenomenon resulted in the development of research focused on finding new risk factors. In 1981, Sullivan first postulated the so-called 'iron hypothesis', suggesting that the regular menstrual iron loss, rather than other known effects of estrogen, protects women against coronary heart disease. It is widely believed at present, that iron is an essential catalyst in the oxidation and oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol which appears to be one of the pivotal steps in the early phase of the formation of the atherosclerotic plaque. Thus, iron depletion through menstrual loss might reduce oxidative stress and beneficially affect atherogenesis. Stored iron appears to be essential in the process of atherogenesis which is strictly required for normal cellular metabolism but also serves as a reservoir from which toxic-active iron can be liberated under atherogenic stimuli and result in lipid peroxidation. In this process, two pathways i.e., iron homeostasis metabolic pathway and metabolic pathways involving proinflammatory cytokines are closely interconnected. In human monocytes, these cytokines also increase the uptake of non-transferrin-bound iron, via the stimulation of divalent metal transporter- 1 synthesis and cause iron retention by down-regulating ferroportin synthesis. It has been found recently that iron depositions are prominent in human atherosclerosis lesions. It can therefore be concluded that the results of scientific research, particularly those of the last ten years, provide a strong pathological basis to support the role of iron metabolism alterations in vascular damage and in the progression of atherosclerosis process.
EN
Iron is a key component of many reactions in the human body, and by virtue of its ability to accept and donate electrons, it is required for a variety of normal cellular functions and is vital for proper growth and development. However, natural iron is rather insoluble and excess of iron is harmful since it can catalyze the formation of oxygen radicals. Fortunately, there are also mechanisms for protecting human body from excess 'free' iron. This is particularly important, given the fact that humans have very limited capacity to excrete iron. Therefore, cells have developed mechanisms to improve the solubility of iron to control intracellular iron concentrations at the point of iron absorption in the small intestine and other tissues. Since the described process is highly complex, a profound understanding of all the relationships occurring among its components is possible when a systems approach is applied to its analysis.
EN
DNA microarrays are widely used in many areas of biological research. They are an efficient tool for gene expression analysis due to a high level of parallelism, what means that they allow for simultaneous measuring of the transcriptional activity of all genes present in the studied genome. The quality of the results obtained using microarrays depends among other factors on the proper design of probes. Two general features which should characterize each probe are sensitivity and specificity. Since designing a set of probes having both of these properties is usually a complex task, many algorithms supporting this process have been developed and implemented. However, the designing method should be carefully chosen such that the results will match the requirements following from the nature of the biological problem to be solved. In this paper the criteria used for DNA microarray design are described and some computer based approaches are presented.
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