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Bóbr - przyjaciel czy wróg? naturalna mała retencja odpowiedzią na niekorzystny bilans wodny polski

100%
Tszydel M., Tończyk G.
Kosmos
|
2012
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vol. 61
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issue 2
251-260
PL
Ekspansja demograficzna i urbanistyczna nasilająca się od XIX wieku jest przyczyną wyraźnego ograniczenia zasobów wody słodkiej na świecie. Odpowiedzią na te problemy od połowy XX wieku jest sztuczna retencja. Do dnia dzisiejszego powstało na świecie ponad 40 tyś. zbiorników zaporowych z tamami o wysokości większej niż 15 m. Kilkadziesiąt lat funkcjonowania zbiorników pokazuje, że nie zawsze są one korzystne zarówno pod względem ekonomicznym jak i przyrodniczym. Niekorzystny wpływ na biocenozy rzek jest powodem zaznaczającej się w ostatnich dziesięcioleciach tendencji do likwidacji dużych zbiorników zaporowych. Alternatywą jest poszukiwanie rozwiązań, które spełniając funkcje retencyjną, nie przeszkadzają procesom biologicznym zachodzącym w cieku. Nowoczesne podejście do retencjonowania wody zgodnego z zasadami zrównoważonego rozwoju jest szczególnie ważne w Polsce, ze względu za zaznaczający się coraz wyraźniej deficyt zasobów wodnych. Związany jest on z jednej strony z warunkami przyrodniczymi a z drugiej z wieloletnimi zaniedbaniami w retencjonowaniu wody, z a zwłaszcza w tzw. "małej retencji". Jednym ze sposobów magazynowania wody, które byłoby przyjazne dla środowiska naturalnego jest wykorzystanie naturalnej skłonności bobrów do budowania tam i tworzenia stawów. Korzystny wpływ powstawania stawów bobrowych wyraża się w wielu aspektach zarówno hydrologicznych jak i biologicznych. Najważniejsze jest jednak to, że w przeciwieństwie do zbiorników sztucznych, zbiorniki naturalne tworzone przez bobry nie wpływają degenerująco na odcinki rzek położone poniżej piętrzenia. Efekt retencyjny stawów bobrowych jest bardzo poważny, szacuje się, że dzięki działalności tych zwierząt w skali naszego kraju gromadzone jest co najmniej kilkanaście milionów m3 wody - to tyle na ile ocenia się skuteczność wszystkich programów małej retencji realizowanych obecnie na terenie Polski. Ważny jest również rachunek ekonomiczny, retencjonowanie wody w stawach bobrowych odbywa się w zasadzie bez nakładów. Jedynie coroczne roszczenia dotyczące odszkodowań wynikających z konfliktu na linii człowiek-zwierze, szacowane na kilkaset tysięcy złotych pogorszają nieco ten bilans.
EN
Growth of demographic and urbanization expansion from XIX century is a cause for shrinking of water resources over the world. A remedy for this problem since 1950s is water retention - over 40 thousands of dam reservoirs, with dams higher than 15 meters, were build during the last century. Several decades of operating such reservoirs show that not always they are beneficial for the economy and nature. Their negative influence on riverine ecosystems is a reason for liquidating big reservoirs - a tendency observed in the last decades. An alternative for the negative effects from the reservoirs is searching for solutions, which providing retention does not interfere with biological processes within the water body. Such modern approach to water retention, compliant with sustainable development, is particularly important in Poland due to the growing deficit of water resources. This deficiency is not only associated with the natural conditions in Poland, but also with long lasting negligence in saving water resource, particularly in so called "small retention". An analysis of literature shows that a way of water storage beneficial for natural environment is using the natural behavior of beavers to build dams and ponds. It appears that building the dams, beavers not only help in water retention but also have positive influence on their surroundings. Such influence from beaver-made ponds appears in many aspects, both hydrological and biological. However most important is, that in contrary to artificial ponds, the natural ones built by beavers does not degrade the river course downstream. On the other side, damming stimulates biological processes in rivers. The retention effect from beaver-made ponds is very significant. It is estimated to be between 10 and 20 millions of cubic meters of water countrywide - the same amount as generated from all the programs of small retention working in Poland. Also the economic factor is important - beaver mediated retention almost does not generate any costs. Yearly costs of financial compensation paid due to some damage caused by beavers do not overcome a few hundred thousand zlotys. News emerging after bigger floods blaming beavers for damaging dikes has mostly the medial character and usually is just a way to detract the responsibility of local authorities for maintaining the anti-flood systems.
2
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Nanomechanics of new materials - AFM and computer modelling studies of trichoptera silk

61%
Strzelecki J., Strzelecka J., Mikulska K., Tszydel M., Balter A., Nowak W.
Open Physics
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2011
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vol. 9
|
issue 2
482-491
EN
Caddisfly (Trichopera) can glue diverse material underwater with a silk fiber. This makes it a particularly interesting subject for biomimetcs. Better understanding of silk composition and structure could lead to an adhesive capable to close bleeding wounds or to new biomaterials. However, while spiderweb or silkworm secretion is well researched, caddisfly silk is still poorly understood. Here we report a first nanomechanical analysis of H. Angustipennis caddisfly silk fiber. An Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) imaging shows dense 150 nm bumps on silk surface, which can be identified as one of features responsible for its outstanding adhesive properties. AFM force spectroscopy at the fiber surface showed, among others, characteristic saw like pattern. This pattern is attributed to sacrificial bond stretching and enhances energy dissipation in mechanical deformation. Similarities of some force curves observed on Tegenaria domestica spiderweb and caddisfly silk are also discussed. Steered Molecular Dynamics simulations revealed that the strength of short components of Fib-H HA species molecules, abundant in Trichoptera silk is critically dependent on calcium presence.
3
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Ichtiofauna Neru w mieście Łodzi - stan obecny i zmiany w ostatniej dekadzie

61%
Galicka W., Grabowska J., Kruk A., Penczak T., Marszał L., Tszydel M., Tybulczyk S., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. E. i. Z. K.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Biologica et Oecologica
|
2006
|
vol. Supplementum
EN
In 2010 electrofishing was conducted at four sites located in the Ner River section flowing across the City of Łódź. Two species co-dominated in abundance: perch (36.1%) and roach (34.2%). The site downstream from the Stefańskiego Ponds was most abundant in fish. Among 13 species represented by almost 3 thousand specimens captured there perch and roach (36.9% and 32.6%, respectively) were dominants, while ruffe (16.5%) was a subdominant. The most human-impacted site was located downstream from the Dobrzynka Stream inflow, where no fish were caught. A comparison of the present state of fish fauna with that of monitoring studies carried out during the recent decade in the river’s section flowing across the City of Łódź indicated no significant changes in fish assemblage structure. The species composition and assemblage structure of the section is positively influenced by the recreational ponds, which feed their adjacent reaches of the river with fish. Unfortunately, in two of the sampling sites the situation of fish remains critical, which is testified to by almost total lack of them. The reason of this situation is low water quality and isolation (chemical barrier) of the upper Ner River system from the Warta River.
4
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Fauna bezkręgowa w strumieniach i rzekach miasta Łodzi

61%
Tszydel M., Kruk A., Galicka W., Tybulczyk S., Pietraszewski D., Marszał L., Janic B., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. E. i. Z. K.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Biologica et Oecologica
|
2006
|
vol. Supplementum
EN
In the City of Łódź there are 29 streams and rivers of various sizes, 18 of them named and 11 unnamed, whose total length is 125 km. The aim of the present study was gaining initial knowledge of the abundance and diversity of aquatic macroinvertebrates in water courses in the City of Łódź. Collected aquatic macroinvertebrates were represented by 18 taxons. The highest occurrence was recorded for Dipterans (Chironomidae) (present in all samples), Oligochaeta, Ephemeroptera and Gastropoda. The distribution of macroinvertebrates along the investigated streams varied very much. The Jasień and Łódka Streams turned out least abundant and taxonomically diverse in macroinvertebrates. The opposite were the Bzura and Łagiewniczanka Streams. It confirmed that usually the differences in macroinvertebrate distribution and diversity resulted from pollution of the running waters with domestic and industrial sewage, transforming of certain water courses into sewage-storm canals, regulation including covering of river beds and banks with concrete.
5
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Ichtiofauna sytrumieni w systemie Neru w mieście Łodzi

52%
Kruk A., Galicka W., Tszydel M., Tybulczyk S., Pietraszewski D., Marszał L., Błońska D., Cieplucha M., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. E. i. Z. K.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Biologica et Oecologica
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2006
|
vol. Supplementum
EN
In 2010 in the City of Łódź, Central Poland, electrofishing was carried out at 15 sites in the Dobrzynka, Jasień, Olechówka, Łódka and Jasieniec Streams in the Ner/Odra system. Fourteen fish species were recorded (13 species in the Olechówka and altogether 7 species in the remaining streams), of which six were limnophilic and only two rheophilic. Sunbleak Leucaspius delineatus, gudgeon Gobio gobio and stoneloach Barbatula barbatula constituted 90% of all the fish in samples. Over 100 specimens were caught at each site in the Olechówka Stream, while only 1 -11 specimens were recorded at each of the remaining sites (except one fishless site in the Jasieniec Stream). The fish distribution was determined by water purity strongly connected with the type (combined/separate) of urban sewage system functioning in a given stream basin. The condition of ichthyofauna in 2010 was slightly better than during electrofishing conducted in 2001. The Jasień and Łódka Streams were fishless in 2001 while in 2010 several fish specimens at each site belonging to the total of 3 and 4 species, respectively were recorded. In the Olechówka, in 2010 five new species were caught and the total fish abundance was over 3 times higher than in 2001.
6
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Ichtiofauna strumieni w systemie Wisły w mieście Łodzi

52%
Marszał L., Zięba G., Kruk A., Tszydel M., Tybulczyk S., Pietraszewski D., Galicka W., Janic B., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. E. i. Z. K.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Biologica et Oecologica
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2006
|
vol. Supplementum
EN
In 2010 in the City of Łódź, Central Poland, electrofishing was carried out at 12 sites in the Miazga, Bzura, Sokołówka and Lagiewniczanka Streams in the Vistula system. Eight fish species were recorded, of which two were alien (giebel Carassius gibelio and topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva) and only two were rheophilic (ide Leuciscus idus and gudgeon Gobio gobio). Roach Rutilus rutilus and three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus constituted 64% of all the fish in samples. Stone loach Barbatula barbatula, usually common in other similar streams, was absent. The fish distribution and abundance was significantly determined by the stream regulation. In the Sokołówka electrofishing was conducted earlier at the same six sites in 2002. Seven species were recorded in both terms; in 2010 ide (coming from stocking) was captured instead of the previously recorded crucian carp Carassius carassius. The total fish abundance was over twice lower than in 2002.
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