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1
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Research Analysis of Selection Criteria at the Initial Stage of Swimming Training of Primary School Junior Students

100%
Eider P.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2015
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vol. 11
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issue 3
55-62
EN
This article serves as a review of literature dedicated to the issue of selection criteria at the initial stage of swimming training of children in junior grades of primary school. Research methods used by the reviewed authors were varied. Only in some cases the overall anthropometric examination was used. This paper presents research results of multiple authors concerned with the swimming initiation age, basic somatic features (height and body mass), physical (motor) fitness, and physical function as major criteria for selection. The literature presented in this article lacks, however, information about potential correlations between the sports skills and measurements of motor skills and somatic features of children who are at an initial stage of competitive swimming. Therefore, this issue has not been discussed in the article.
2
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Changes in Motor Skills of Boys who Trained Sports Swimming in an Annual Training Cycle

100%
Eider P.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2015
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vol. 12
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issue 4
121-133
EN
This paper presents an empirical approach to the changes in motor skills of children who trained sports swimming at the initial stage of school education in an annual training cycle. The research included 94 boys aged 7 (1st grade of elementary school); 57 of them belonged to the Swimmers group and 37 belonged to the Control group. All boys attended elementary schools in Szczecin, Poland. Motor skills were assessed with 8 tests of the EUROFIT Test Battery. The study resulted in the following conclusions: I. Dynamics of changes in terms of overall balance, static strength, functional strength (between Examination I and II) was greater in the Swimmers group. II. In terms of upper limb movement, agility, explosive strength, torso strength, and agility run, differences between results of both examinations were similar in the Swimmers and Control groups. III. Progressive changes in motor skill of subjects were a positive phenomenon in the physical development of children. Thus, swimming trainings significantly impacted dynamics of positive changes in motor skills of boys at the early stage of school education. IV. Regular participation in sports classes (including swimming classes) had positive impact on motor skill development of children, which is of utmost importance at that age.
3
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SELECTION IN SWIMMING TRAINING – THEORETICAL STUDY

100%
Eider P.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2014
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vol. 5
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issue 1
65-75
EN
The aim of this research study is to summarize the notion of preference and selection, which are considered to be the key element of sports training, whatever the discipline. This review provides a theoretical study on the subject. The introduction section deals with the abovementioned terminology, whereas the main paragraph predominantly discusses the process of preference and selection in swimming. Pre-school period (6-7 years of age) is the most significant for swimming selection. Such selection should be led by adequately qualified trainers with long-standing experience in professional training of young swimmers. Young swimming candidates should be characterized by higher-level motor skills, which in turn affect the time/efficiency of acquiring new swimming techniques and sport level. In selection process, it is advised/important to utilize tests which predominantly determine the level of specific motor skills such as: speed, strength, agility, motor coordination, suppleness, and so-called 'water feeling'. The above mentioned motor skills play an important role in sport training and sport performance. During selection process, sports team trainers should pay special attention to child's body posture and its length parameters, specifically body's height, length of upper and lower extremities, length of hands and feet, width parameters of the shoulders and chest. First Grade school swimming classes enrollment is also a crucial factor in identifying sport talents. The selection process should be transparent, have clear health, somatic, as well as motoric requirements, which then affect the pace and effectiveness of acquiring swimming skills and sport level.
4
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THE EVALUATION OF MOTOR SKILLS OF I-IV GRADE MUSIC-ORIENTED MALE STUDENTS IN PRIMARY SCHOOL COMPLEX NO 2 IN SZCZECIN

63%
Wilk K., Eider P.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2014
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vol. 6
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issue 2
45-58
EN
The aim of the research was to establish the motor efficiency of boys between the ages of 7 and 10 years, attending Grades 1-4 of music oriented and general education classes. The research material included 106 boys aged 7-10 of the Primary School Complex No. 2 in Szczecin. There were 50 children examined in the music oriented classes, and 56 in control group. The research was conducted twice in the school year 2006/2007, including the same research material – first in September 2006, second in June 2007 accordingly. To evaluate the level of motor skills the EUROFIT European Fitness Test was used. Test results were statistically analyzed. The Utenberger’s test resulted in statistically significant better results of boys from the Grade 1 of control group (C) compared to their peers from Grade 1 of music oriented classes. In research II, only boys of Grades 1-2 M had statistically significant results improvement in the Utenberger’s test in comparison with research I. In research II, male students of Grades 1, 2, 3 M acquired statistically significant better results in the speed test of the upper limb than their peers of Grades 1 C, 2 C, 4 C. Moreover, in study II the subjected individuals of Grades 1 M, 2 M, 4 M and 4 C obtained statistically significant increase in their results in comparison with study I. Trunk flexibility of male students from music-oriented classes and control group was in line; the same was true for the jump test. In study II, trunk flexibility and endurance in jumping insignificantly improved in all examined classes. In the study, boys from Grade 4 M, obtained statistically more significant average hand strength results compared to their peers from Grade 4 C. In study II, boys from Grades 1 and 2 M obtained statistically significantly lower average values in this test in comparison with boys from Grades 1 and 2 C. In study II, unlike in study 1, there was a statistically significant improvement in the test results only in boys from Grades 3 and 4 M. In contrary, there was a statistically significant improvement of hand strength results in all grades of control groups compared to study I. In trunk flexibility test, boys from Grade 1 M had statistically lower mean values than boys from Grade 1 C. In the same study, boys from grades 3 and 4 M had statistically significantly higher average values than their peers from Grades 3 and 4 C. In study II, statistically significant differences were found between Grades 3 M and 3 P as well as between 4 M and 4 P. In study II, in Grades 1 C and 2 M, there was a statistically significant results improvement compared to study I. Functional capacity of boys from all subjected classes was similar in both studies. In study II, statistically significant improvement in this test was found only in Grade 2 M. In agility fitness test, in study II, boys from Grade 4 M had statistically significantly better results opposed to Grade 4 C. It turned out that boys from grades 1 M, 2 M, and 3 C, had statistically significant results improvement in study II compared to study I. Based on the conducted studies, the following conclusions have been formulated: 1. Motor efficiency of boys from music-oriented as well as control classes was comparable. 2. Practicing musical instruments at the early education stage did not have any significant influence on the general motor efficiency of male pupils. 3. As part of preventive measures of degenerative overload changes of the motor system in music-oriented classes, the national curriculum program of study for PE should be modified and supplemented with exercises strengthening trunk muscles and increasing the range of motion in the shoulder and pelvic girdles.
5
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Foreign tourist activity and the need for recreation/rest of administrative staff from selected universities (as exemplified by west pomeranian voivodship)

51%
Paczyńska-Jędrycka M., Eider P., Eider J.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2014
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vol. 7
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issue 3
55-64
EN
The purpose of this article is to show the need for recreation in the context of foreign leisure trips of administrative staff of selected universities in zachodniopomorskie (West Pomeranian) voivodship. It is an essential element of health behavior of each individual. This work shows the awareness of people in relation to the organization of the rest – taking into account both the destination, means of transport, as well as hotel animations. With regard to the aspect of health, attention should be paid to proper preparation for the trip.
6
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Changes in Motor Skills of Children who Train Sports Swimming at the Initial Stage of School Education (in an Annual Training Cycle)

51%
Eider P., Wilk K., Tarnowski M., Terczyński R.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2017
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vol. 20
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issue 4
93-105
EN
This paper presents an empirical approach to the changes in motor skills of children who train sports swimming at the initial stage of school education in an annual training cycle. Swimming belongs to the disciplines in which training starts at the age of 6-7. The proper selection of candidates to train certain disciplines is a complex process as they should be chosen from a large population of children, both girls and boys, having specific somatic and motor characteristics which, developed in the long-term, will enable them to achieve sports mastery. The aim of the research was to define which changes in motor skills occur in girls who train sports Aim: swimming in an annual training cycle. The Subject group consisted of 85 girls aged 7 who attended four elementary schools in Szczecin, Poland. 36 of them belonged to the Swimmers group and they were all members of the Municipal Swimming Club (MKP) in Szczecin. The Control group consisted of 49 girls who attended the same elementary schools. All subjects took part in two examinations (carried out in the school year 2009/2010. Physical ability tests were conducted in gyms. Motor skills were assessed with EUROFIT Test Battery which is the most reliable and accurate tool according to scientific research. The research revealed changes in both groups (Sw, C) in terms of all eight tests. Examination II proved statistically significant improvement of results in both groups (Sw, C) in comparison to Examination I. Changes between Examination I and Examination II results were most visible in the Swimmers groups in terms of balance, agility, static strength, functional strength and agility run. Changes between Examination I and Examination II were similar in both groups (Sw, C) in terms of speed of limb movement, explosive strength and torso strength. Progressive changes in motor skill of subjects are a positive phenomenon in the physical development of a child. Swimming training resulted significantly in positive changes in terms of motor skills of subject who were at the initial stage of swimming trainings, compared to their non-training peers. Participation in organized, regular sports classes results in the development of motor (physical) skills of children.
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