The paper highlights versatility of high-energy milling in engineering of different functional materials using three approaches which give the benefits as green processes. They are: direct mechanosyntheses, modification of properties and activation of solids by co-milling procedures. The examples are presented.
The influence of mechanochemical treatment by high-energy ball milling in two media (water and ethanol) of different V_{2}O_{5}/MoO_{3}/ZrO_{2} compositions on its structure modification and photocatalytic properties is considered. Milling process in both media leads to final products Zr(V_{2}O_{7}) and Mo_{4}V_{6}O_{25}. Their subsequent thermal treatment provides to formation of Zr(MoO_{4})_{2} and V_{2}MoO_{8} composition. They show the photocatalytic activity in the dyes degradation process in aqueous solution.
The compound SbNbO_4 that is formed in a ternary system of Nb-Sb-O has been obtained for the first time by high-energy ball milling of the equimolar mixture of oxides Sb_2O_3/Nb_2O_5in argon atmosphere. This compound was characterised by X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis- thermal gravimetry, infrared, and scanning electron microscopy methods and its properties were compared with those of SbNbO_4 also obtained as a result of high-temperature reaction between the same oxides and also in argon atmosphere. As shown by differential thermal analysis results, irrespective of the method of synthesis, SbNbO_4 is stable in argon atmosphere up to ≈ 1125°C and in air up to ≈ 800°C. The compound can be applied as a photocatalyst in the reaction of producing hydrogen from water.
This paper shows that CaCu_3Ti_4O_{12} (CCTO) can be synthesized through the high-energy ball milling of CaO, CuO and TiO_2 powders. The dielectric characterization of CCTO obtained mechanochemically as well as, for comparison, by a high-temperature method is presented. Moreover, it is illustrated that zirconium oxide in contrast to a metallic iron generated during milling processes improves the properties of CCTO in terms of ceramic capacitors.
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