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1
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Interleukin-6 As An Adipokine And Myokine: The Regulatory Role Of Cytokine In Adipose Tissue And Skeletal Muscle Metabolism

100%
Lutosławska G.
Human Movement
|
2012
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vol. 13
|
issue 4
372-379
EN
Purpose. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) belongs to the IL-6-type cytokine family, which, besides IL-6, comprises of IL-11, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), oncostatin M (OSM), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), cardiotrophin-1 (CT) and cardiotrophin-like cytokine (CLC). The metabolic effects of IL-6 differ markedly depending on the nature of the target cell with positive action on nerve cells’ differentiation and hematopoesis, but negative in the etiology of autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis. In a target cell, IL-6 can simultaneously generate functionally distinct or sometimes contradictory signals depending on the in vivo environment, and the final physiological effect is a consequence of the orchestration of the diverse signals. Thus, its physiological effects are characterized by pleiotropy and redundancy. At present, it has been well documented that in obese individuals, IL-6, as an adipokine secreted into circulation by adipose tissue in proportion to body fat content and an elevated level of the cytokine in the plasma, adversely affects insulin signaling and glucose disposal in skeletal muscles and liver. Moreover, several lines of evidence indicated that IL-6 is a myokine synthesized in skeletal muscle and secreted into the bloodstream in response to exercise. In this way muscular work has a potential to stimulate adipose tissue lipolysis and provides an energy to working muscle. Furthermore, muscle-originated IL-6 acts locally, positively affecting intramuscular fat utilization. It has also been postulated that IL-6 is inevitable for satellite cell stimulation and muscle hypertrophy and repair.
2
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Associations between circulating adiponectin and selected plasma biochemical variables in physically active young men and women

64%
Malara M., Lutosławska G.
Biomedical Human Kinetics
|
2011
|
vol. 3
30-34
EN
Study aim: To evaluate the relationships between circulating adiponectin and FFA, and other biochemical variables (glycerol, glucose and insulin) in young, healthy non-obese men and women.Material and methods: A group of 53 male and 54 female students participated in the study. The following compounds were determined in plasma: free fatty acids (FFA), glucose and glycerol (colorimetrically), and insulin and adiponectin (by immunoassay). Insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was calculated from fasting insulin and glucose concentrations.Results: Mean plasma glucose was slightly lower (p<0.01), and plasma insulin and HOMA-IR markedly higher (p<0.01 - 0.001) in female than in male subjects. Percent body fat was positively correlated with plasma FFA in both groups (p<0.01), but with plasma glycerol (p<0.001) in female students only. Plasma adiponectin was negatively correlated with percent body fat (p<0.02), plasma glycerol (p<0.001) and FFA (p<0.05) in female subjects only.Conclusions: Gender-related differences in body fat may affect the relationship between adiponectin and indices of lipid metabolism.
3
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The Relationship Between 500 M and 2000 M Simulated Rowing Times for Schoolboy Rowers Over a Training Period of Three Years

64%
Petrykowski A., Lutosławska G.
Human Movement
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2011
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vol. 12
|
issue 2
147-152
EN
Purpose. Available data finds that for schoolboy rowers the 2000 m on-water or laboratory rowing distance causes fatigue and depresses their ability to train during the following days. Thus, looking for a less demanding test we evaluated the relationships between 500 m and 2000 m laboratory performance in schoolboy rowers. Basic procedures. A total of 10 boys participated in the study. All of the subjects simulated rowing "all-out" in either the 500 m or 2000 m rowing distance using a Concept II ergometer (Morsville, VT, USA). The tests were performed in November (transition phase), in January (general preparation phase), in March (specific preparation phase) and in June (competitive phase) throughout three successive years of training. Main findings. The mean power output during the 2000 m row gradually increased in the second year of training vs. the first one, and in the third year of training vs. the second one (p < 0.001). The times markedly improved in each year of training (p < 0.001). The mean power output and the time of the 500 m distance improved significantly in each year of training. In each training phase during the three years of training there were significant correlations between the rowing times in the 500 m and 2000 m distances. The coefficients of determination (r2 x 100) in the first year varied from 66.9 to 85.6%, in the second year - from 62.0% to 92.3%, and in the third year - from 76.4 to 89.5%. Conclusions. The relationship between the times measured in the of the 500 m and that of 2000 m one is affected by both the annual training phase and training experience. Thus, the 500 m laboratory rowing test may be useful in assessing the ability of schoolboy rowers to perform a competitive distance, but the results require careful interpretation.
4
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Power Training Efficiency After Single Joint and Multiple Joint Exercises

51%
Mastalerz A., Lutosławska G., Urbanik C.
Human Movement
|
2009
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vol. 10
|
issue 2
153-157
EN
Purpose. Single joint (open kinetic chain) and multiple joint (closed kinetic chain) exercises have been recommended in rehabilitation of patients with anterior knee pain. Single joint exercises are common exercises to strengthen selected muscle groups. The advantage of single joint exercises is a low risk of pain due to their limited technical complexity. Multiple joint exercises are more demanding from the standpoint of human motor performance. The efficiency of power training after single and multiple joint exercises was the aim of the study. Basic procedures. Forty eight men constituted the study sample (aged 22 ± 0.8 years, body weight - 78.3 ± 6.4 kg, body height 183 ± 5.6 cm). They were informed about the experimental procedure as well as the purpose of the study, and gave their consent to take part in the experiment. That study was approved by the local research ethics committee. After control measurements the participants were randomized into four groups (n = 12 each): two groups performing multiple joint exercises (A - jumps on an inclined plane, B - vertical jumps), and two single joint exercises (C - knee extensions with linear resistance load - elastic loads, D - knee extensions with inertial loads). The exercises were carried out in four-week exercise sessions, for five days a week. 4 sets of 10 reps (jumps or extensions) with 120-second intervals were applied during each session. The counter movement jump power (on a Kistler force plate with BioWare 4.0 software), during isokinetic knee motion at 240, 180, 60 and 30 deg/s (Biodex Medical System 3 Pro) and EMG (Mega Electronics System) of the Rectus Femoris and Vastus Lateralis muscles were recorded seven times (once before, three times during and three times after training). Main findings. The external load for single and multiple joint exercises was adjusted by individual power of motion. However the training volume (external work) was lowered twice during training with single joint exercises. Muscle force during isokinetic tests was significantly correlated with velocity achieved during training. Therefore the homogeneity of the movement structure between training and control exercises is required. Conclusions. Velocity of motion during exercise and time of muscle work are the most important factors determining efficiency of single- and multiple-joint exercises.
5
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Anthropometric and cardio-respiratory indices and aerobic capacity of male and female students

51%
Czajkowska A., Mazurek K., Lutosławska G., Żmijewski P.
Biomedical Human Kinetics
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2009
|
vol. 1
47-51
EN
Study aim: To assess the relations between anthropometric and cardio-respiratory indices, and aerobic capacity of students, differing in the level of physical activity, under resting and exercise conditions.Material and methods: A group of 87 male and 75 female students volunteered to participate in the study. Their physical activity was evaluated by Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall questionnaire. Anthropometric (body height and mass, body fat content, BMI and WHR) and physiological indices (heart rate, blood pressure, O2max, CO2 and minute ventilation) were recorded. Body fat content was determined using a BIA device; respiratory data were recorded in a cycle ergometer test. The subjects were classified by their O2max values into ‘high’ or ‘low’ categories, the cut-off values of lower and upper quartiles serving as criteria.Results: Male and female students expended 10.2 ± 4.6 and 8.4 ± 5.3 kcal/kg/day, respectively, the O2max amounting to 48.4 ± 6.4 and 41.1 ± 4.7 ml/kg/min, respectively. Subjects having high O2max had significantly higher energy expenditure on physical activities, fat-free mass, body water content and maximal ventilation, and lower body mass, BMI, body fat content, resting heart rate and diastolic pressure.Conclusions: When investigating into the relationships between physical activity and physiological features, the latter ought to be related to O2max rather than to energy expenditure which may depend on other than physiological variables.
6
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The index of insulin resistance (FIRI) is not associated with plasma homocysteine levels in young, non-obese healthy men and women

45%
Czajkowska A., Lutosławska G., Mazurek K., Ambroszkiewicz J., Żmijewski P.
Biomedical Human Kinetics
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2011
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vol. 3
14-17
EN
Study aim: To evaluate plasma homocysteine (Hcy), insulin and glucose levels in blood and the insulin resistance index (FIRI) in young, healthy non-obese men and women.Material and methods: A total of 152 young, healthy, non-obese (BMI<30) men (n = 81) and women (n = 71) participated in the study. The following substances were assayed in blood using commercial kits: total plasma homocysteine by fluorescence polarisation immunoassay, plasma glucose - by the oxidase method, and insulin by radioimmunoassay using monoclonal antibodies. From the latter two, the index of insulin resistance (FIRI) was computed.Results: Mean plasma homocysteine concentration in men was significantly (p<0.001) higher than in women (10.3 ± 3.0 and 8.4 ± 2.4 μmol/l, respectively) and that of FIRI was significantly (p<0.001) lower than in women (1.310 ± 0.483 and 1.437 ± 0.420, respectively). Neither in men nor in women were plasma homocysteine concentrations correlated with FIRI.Conclusions: Although no association between circulating homocysteine and FIRI was found in young, non-obese men and women, the existence of such association in Type 2 diabetes cannot be ruled out.
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