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Determination of nickel by chemical vapor generation in situ trapping flame AAS

100%
Matusiewicz H., Krawczyk M.
Open Chemistry
|
2011
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vol. 9
|
issue 4
648-659
EN
The analytical performances of coupled chemical vapor generation, integrated atom trap (CVG-IAT) atomizer flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) system were evaluated for determination of nickel in environmental samples. Nickel chemical vapors are atomized in an air-acetylene flame-heated IAT. A new design of CVG-IAT-FAAS hyphenated technique that would exceed the operational capabilities of existing arrangements (a water-cooled single silica tube, double-slotted quartz tube) permitting construction of an “integrated trap” was investigated. An improvement in limit of detection was achieved compared with that obtained using any of the above atom trapping techniques separately. The concentration limit of detection was 1 ng mL−1 for Ni. The overall efficiencies of the vapor generation process was estimated to be ca. 50%. For a 2 min in situ pre-concentration time, sensitivity enhancement, compared to FAAS, was 200 folds for Ni, using vapor generation atom trapping technique. The sensitivity can be further improved by increasing the collection time. The precision of the measurements for 25 ng mL−1 of Ni was 9% RSD. The accuracy of this method was tested by analyses of NIST SRM 2704 (Buffalo River Sediment), NIST SRM 1648 (Urban Particulate Matter), NIST SRM 2710 (Montana Soil), NBS SRM 1633a (Coal Fly Ash) and NIST SRM 1643e (Trace Element in Water) certified reference materials. The measured Ni content in five reference materials was in satisfactory agreement with the certified values (in the range of 14.3–98 μg g−1). The hyphenated technique was applied for nickel determination in coal fly ash, soil, sediment, sewage and river water. [...]
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Urazowość wśród biegaczy

81%
Stasiewicz M., Krawczyk M., Ślężyński J.
Polish Journal of Sports Medicine
|
2020
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vol. 36(1)
17-29
EN
Background. The greatest problems excluding professional runners from running seasons for a long time are sport-related injuries. Such traumas also occur in people who are physically active for health purposes and often discourage them from doing sports. Material and methods. The aim of the survey research was to analyse and evaluate the most common injuries in runners. 87 runners were tested. Results. The results showed that the most common injuries in sprinters was biceps and quadriceps femoris muscle tear while in long-distance runners it was stress bone fracture. Conclusions. Prophylaxis and proper regeneration can significantly limit the risk of injury. Runners rarely seek help and support from physiotherapists. The most common methods for physical regeneration are self-massage, massage and sauna. Stretching of the lower limb muscles is usually performed for too short time. Moreover, not all professional runners strengthen their muscles in order to fix muscle imbalance. Another issue that needs improvement is more hours of sleep.
PL
Wstęp. Największym problemem wyczynowego uprawiania sportu są urazy, które często na długi czas wykluczają zawodnika z sezonu startowego. Wśród osób aktywnych fizycznie w celach zdrowotnych również zdarzają się urazy, które niekiedy zmuszają do zaniechania tej aktywności. Materiał i metody. Celem badań ankietowych była analiza i ocena najczęstszych urazów wśród biegaczy. Badanych było 87 zawodników. Wyniki. Badania wykazały, że najczęstszymi urazami wśród sprinterów były naderwania mięśni dwugłowych i czworogłowych uda, natomiast wśród biegaczy długodystansowych dominowały złamania zmęczeniowe. Wnioski. Profilaktyka oraz przestrzeganie zasad regeneracji mogą znacznie zmniejszyć ryzyko urazów. Biegacze rzadko korzystają z pomocy fizjoterapeutów. Najczęściej stosowanymi sposobami odnowy biologicznej były automasaż i masaż oraz sauna. Rozciąganie mięśni kończyn dolnych trwa zbyt krótko. Ponadto nie wszyscy biegacze wyczynowi wzmacniają wszystkie mięśnie w celu likwidowania dysbalansu mięśniowego. Problemem wymagającym poprawy jest zwiększenie ilości godzin snu biegaczy.
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