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1

Genetic aspects of mastitis resistance in cattle

100%
Walawski K.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
1999
|
vol. 40
|
issue 2
117-128
EN
Cattle breeding program for improvement of milk traits is accompanied by intensive changes in the structural and functional specificity of the animal organism. Assuming the hypothesis that the biological role of the female is to rear her progeny, it may be concluded that the extremely high milk productivity of the modern cow many-fold exceeds the physiological normal range. The mammary gland as a milk-producing highly effective bioreactor is exposed to the particularly strong influence of external and internal factors. Therefore, susceptibility to udder dysfunction generally called 'mastitis' causes great economical losses in highly productive cows. Mastitis is usually induced by a bacterial infection conveyed through the teat canal. The high variability of pathogens and diversity of environmental conditions cause difficulties in mastitis treatment. Antibiotic therapy does not give satisfactory results. Scientific research aims to recognize the heritable specificity of organism defence systems. Still, the currently used breeding selection procedures cannot be successful because natural resistance treated in categories of quantitative genetic variation shows a very low heritability and non-additive genotype-environment interaction. To overcome this problem, an alternative approach to detect a single gene with a high protective expression can be effective. The topics presented in this review include expression of lysozyme and lactoferrin in mammary gland tissue regarded as candidate gene for mastitis resistance as well as BoLA histocompatibility complex and milk protein polymorphic systems proposed as potential genetic markers of natural resistance in cattle.
2

Prion octapeptide-repeat polymorphism in Polish Black-and-White cattle

64%
Walawski K., Czarnik U.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2003
|
vol. 44
|
issue 2
191-195
EN
The study was carried out in a Polish Black-and-White cattle population, represented by 167 AI sires, 200 young tested bulls, 190 bull-dams, and 606 randomly chosen cows from commercial herds. The fragment of the bovine prion protein gene (PRNP) coding the octapeptide-repeat sequence, was identified by PCR analysis. Two different gene variants of 349 bp and 373 bp in size, produced three genotypes: PRNP 6/6, PRNP 6/5 and PRNP 5/5, respectively. Allele frequency in all examined populations, on average 0.894 for PRNP 6 and 0.106 for PRNP 5, shows a significant difference between the group of cows from commercial herds, characterised by high frequency of PRNP 5 (q = 0.137) in comparison to AI sires (q = 0.077), young tested bulls (q = 0.052) and bull-dams (q = 0.084). Moreover, both analysed female groups of bull-dams and cows from commercial herds are distinguished by the presence of PRNP 5/5 homozygous animals, which were not recorded in the AI sires and young tested bulls, and had never been recognised in earlier examined Holstein-Friesian populations. Analysis of the genetic equilibrium indicates a very high conformity between observed and expected number of animals in the separate PRNP genotype groups. However, some tendency of difference is observed in highly selected cows, qualified as bull-dams on the basis of very high level of milk performance traits.
3

Leukocyte acid phosphatase and selected haematological indices in BLV infected cows

51%
Kaczmarczyk E., Czarnik U., Bojaroj B., Walawski K.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
1999
|
vol. 40
|
issue 2
93-101
EN
Acid phosphatase of blood leukocytes (AcP) is a lysosomal enzyme which occurs in granulocytes and lymphocytes, but is not found in monocytes. In cattle, the occurrence of AcP polymorphism appeared in the form of A and AB phenotypes controlled by two autosomal alleles. A statistically highly significant repeatability was observed for AcP activity measured in lymphocytes from cows resistant to BLV (bovine leukaemia virus) infection. The highly inherited AcP activity and monogenic nature of AcP polymorphism in cattle allowed us to find out an association between AcP polymorphism and activity of AcP as well as haematological indices. In this study, 60 cows reared in one herd were analysed. The blood samples were collected in the last month before calving and in the first week after calving. The results obtained from cows with phenotype A revealed a statistically higher activity of AcP in lymphocytes whereas a lower activity of this enzyme was recorded in granulocytes. Furthermore, statistically significant differences were also observed in leukocyte number, percentage of lymphocytes and percentage of neutrophils.
4

Abnormal segregation of prion protein octapeptide-repeat alleles in cattle

51%
Walawski K., Czarnik U., Wojciechowski R., Pareek C. S.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2003
|
vol. 44
|
issue 3
375-378
EN
The study was conducted on full-families of Black-and-White cattle obtained as 25 AI sire families and 355 cows, as well as their progenies, mostly heifers at the age of 1-3 months. The sire group was composed by the casual qualification of 10 PRNP 6/6 and 15 PRNP 6/5 individuals on the basis of accessible young progenies. The randomly selected group of cows is characterised by a very high frequency of PRNP 6/6 (74.9%), followed by lower frequency of PRNP 6/5 (24.5%) and a very low frequency of PRNP 5/5 genotype (0.6%). The progenies represent all expected genotypes, such as: PRNP 6/6 (60.5%), PRNP 6/5 (35.8%) and PRNP 5/5 (3.7%), respectively. Taking into consideration the genotypes of parents and progenies, the segregation of PRNP 6 and PRNP 5 alleles was analysed. Results of the non-informative mating variant of male PRNP 6/6 ? female PRNP 6/6 (n = 87) are affected by the PRNP 6/6 progeny genotype in all cases. Subsequently, the results of mating variants male PRNP 6/6 ? female PRNP 6/5 (n = 29) and male PRNP 6/5 female PRNP 6/6 (n = 179) showed statistically non-significant differences in both above-mentioned alternations. The progeny group related from male PRNP 6/5 ? female PRNP 6/5 parental mating obtained fully informative and most valuable results based on the presented research concept. In the common group of 58 calves, the genotype PRNP 6/6 is represented by 26 individuals (44.8 %), PRNP 6/5 ? by 19 individuals (32.8 %) and PRNP 5/5 ? by 13 individuals (22.4 %). Therefore, the theoretical genotype rate (25% : 50% : 25%) is drastically deformed and the differentiation between the observed and expected numbers of animals is statistically highly significant (chi2= 12.72; 2 df.). These differences are affected by two times higher PRNP 6/6 homozygous (chi2 = 9.12; 1 df.) and responsively by the low number of PRNP 6/5 heterozygous animals (chi2 = 3.45; 1 df.). Further investigations are carried out to explain the genetic determination of abnormal PRNP octa-peptide repeat allele segregation, which suggests possible lethal cis-trans linkage effects.
5

Novel linkage mapping approach using DNA pooling in human and animal genetics. I. Detection of complex disease loci

51%
Pareek C. S., Pareek R. S., Walawski K.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2002
|
vol. 43
|
issue 2
175-192
EN
DNA pooling is a potential methodology for genetic loci with small effect contributing to complex diseases and quantitative traits. This is accomplished by the rapid preliminary screening of the genome for the allelic association with the most common class of polymorphic short tandem repeat markers. The methodology assumes as a common founder for the linked disease locus of interest and searches for a region of a chromosome shared between affected individuals. The general theory of DNA pooling basically relies on the observed differences in the allelic distribution between pools from affected and unaffected individuals, including a reduction in the number of alleles in the affected pool, which indicate the sharing of a chromosomal region. The power of statistic for associated linkage mapping can be determined using two recently developed strategies, firstly, by measuring the differences of allelic image patterns produced by two DNA pools of extreme character and secondly, by measuring total allele content differences by comparing between two pools containing large numbers of DNA samples. These strategies have effectively been utilized to identify the shared chromosomal regions for linkage studies and to investigate the candidate disease loci for fine structure gene mapping using allelic association. This paper outlines the utilization of DNA pooling as a potential tool to locate the complex disease loci, statistical methods for accurate estimates of allelic frequencies from DNA pools, its advantages, drawbacks and significance in associate linkage mapping using pooled DNA samples.
6

Novel linkage mapping approach using DNA pooling in human and animal genetics. II. Detection of quantitative traits loci in dairy cattle

51%
Pareek C. S., Pareek R. S., Walawski K., Pareek R. S.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2002
|
vol. 43
|
issue 3
309-318
EN
Selective DNA pooling is an advanced methodology for linkage mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) in farm animals. The principle is based on densitometric estimates of marker allele frequency in pooled DNA samples of phenotypically extreme individuals from half-sib, backcross and F2 experimental designs in farm animals. This methodology provides a rapid and efficient analysis of a large number of individuals with short tandem repeat markers that are essential to detect QTL through the genome ? wide searching approach. Several strategies involving whole genome scanning with a high statistical power have been developed for systematic search to detect the quantitative traits loci and linked loci of complex traits. In recent studies, greater success has been achieved in mapping several QTLs in Israel-Holstein cattle using selective DNA pooling. This paper outlines the currently emerged novel strategies of linkage mapping to identify QTL based on selective DNA pooling with more emphasis on its theoretical pre-requisite to detect linked QTLs, applications, a general theory for experimental half-sib designs, the power of statistics and its feasibility to identify genetic markers linked QTL in dairy cattle. The study reveals that the application of selective DNA pooling in dairy cattle can be best exploited in the genome-wide detection of linked loci with small and large QTL effects and applied to a moderately sized half-sib family of about 500 animals.
7

Beta-lactoglobulin and kappa-casein polymorphism in relation to production traits and technological properties of milk in the herd of Polish Black-and-White cows

51%
Walawski K., Sowinski G., Czarnik U., Zabolewicz T.
Genetica Polonica
|
1994
|
vol. 35
|
issue 1-2
93-108
8

DGAT1 K232A quantitative trait nucleotide polymorphism in Polish Black-and-White cattle

45%
Pareek C. S., Czarnik U., Zabolewicz T., Pareek R. S., Walawski K.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2005
|
vol. 46
|
issue 1
85-87
EN
The diacylglycerol o-acyltransferase 1 gene (DGAT1) was investigated in Polish Black-and-White cattle. The frequency of the K allele was 0.60, 0.68 and 0.48 for AI sires (n = 150), young bulls (n = 139) and cows (n = 213), respectively. The method of selective genotyping for identification of the quantitative trait nucleotide was verified through identification of DGAT1 effect on milk production traits. Daughters of six heterozygous bulls were selectively genotyped based on their milk traits. The genotypic frequencies differed between high and low yield groups representing milk and fat contents. The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed a highly significant effect of DGAT1 K232A in cows with extremely low fat content and a significant effect in cows with extremely high protein content of milk. No significant effect of AI sires' genotypes on their breeding value was found.
9

Silent point mutation polymorphism of the bovine CD18 encoding gene

45%
Czarnik U., Zabolewicz T., Galinski M., Pareek C. S., Walawski K.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2004
|
vol. 45
|
issue 1
73-76
EN
We report on a PCR-RFLP procedure for recognising of a silent point mutation of ITGB2 CD18 subunit gene in cattle. Polymorphism screening was performed in a Polish Black-and-White cattle population (n=210). The genotype and allele frequecies were established in the sires and cows. Further research is needed to explain the possible applications of the CD18 silent point mutation as a potential molecular marker for high milk productivity.
10

Deletion/insertion polymorphism of the prion protein gene (PRNP) in Polish Holstein-Friesian cattle

39%
Czarnik U., Zabolewicz T., Strychalski J., Grzybowski G., Bogusz M., Walawski K.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2007
|
vol. 48
|
issue 1
69-71
EN
The aim of the present study was to identify the deletion/insertion polymorphism of the bovine prion protein gene (PRNP) within the promoter sequence (23 bp), intron 1 (12 bp) and 3' untranslated region (14 bp). DNA was isolated from blood of 234 randomly tested Polish Holstein-Friesian cows and from semen of 47 sires used for artificial insemination (AI) in 2004. No statistically significant differences were found in the frequency of genotypes and alleles between cows and breeding bulls in the 3 analysed polymorphic sites within the PRNP gene. Only 3 haplotypes were identified in sires and 4 haplotypes in cows.
11

Deletion/insertion polymorphism of the prion protein gene (PRNP) in Polish Holstein-Friesian cattle

39%
Czarnik U., Zabolewicz T., Strychalski J., Grzybowski G., Bogusz M., Walawski K.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2007
|
vol. 48
|
issue 3
69-71
EN
The aim of the present study was to identify the deletion/insertion polymorphism of the bovine prion protein gene (PRNP) within the promoter sequence (23 bp), intron 1 (12 bp) and 3' untranslated region (14 bp). DNA was isolated from blood of 234 randomly tested Polish Holstein-Friesian cows and from semen of 47 sires used for artificial insemination (AI) in 2004. No statistically significant differences were found in the frequency of genotypes and alleles between cows and breeding bulls in the 3 analysed polymorphic sites within the PRNP gene. Only 3 haplotypes were identified in sires and 4 haplotypes in cows.
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