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Observation of Nickel Hydroxide Layer on Ni Electrode by in situ Atomic Force Microscopy

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Kowal A., Niewiara R., Perończyk B., Haber J.
Acta Physica Polonica A
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1996
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vol. 89
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issue 3
401-404
EN
The layer of nickel hydroxide was formed on the surface of polycrystalline Ni immersed in 1 M KOH by cycling the potential in the range between -0.1 and 0.6 V vs. Pt in 1 M KOH. The layer thickness of 8.5 nm, estimated by an electrochemical method, corresponded to about 10 monolayers of Ni(OH)_{2}. The changes of thickness of the nickel hydroxide film during the process of its oxidation and reduction were monitored by the use of in situ atomic force microscopy with the tip fixed and the electrode potential scanned between -0.1 and +0.6 V at a scan rate of 100 mV/s. The process of oxidation resulted in the film thickness decrease by about 3 nm. This change could be explained as to be due to the removal of a proton from Ni(OH)_{2} layer.
2

The use of magnesium in bronchial asthma: a new approach to an old problem

100%
Kowal A., Panaszek B., Barg W., Obojski A.
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2007
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vol. 55
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issue 1
35-39
EN
Magnesium deficiency is a common electrolyte disorder in patients with acute severe asthma, but intracellular magnesium content better reflects its homeostasis than does its serum concentration. Magnesium takes part in many metabolic processes in the organism, including energy metabolism, protein and nucleic acid synthesis, cell cycle, the binding of substances to the plasma membrane, and maintenance of cytoskeletal and mitochondrial integrity. It also modulates ion transport and influences intracellular calcium concentration. Maintenance of the cells' transmembrane gradient depends on the presence of magnesium, and hypomagnesemia may result in an increase in neuromuscular cell excitability. Magnesium is a cation modulating the smooth muscle contractility of different tissues: hypomagnesemia causes their contraction and hypermagnesemia their relaxation. Suggestions of a positive influence of magnesium in the treatment of asthma exacerbation have been known for a long time, but research results differ. A single dose of intravenous magnesium sulfate given to patients with acute asthma exacerbation has been shown to be safe, but its efficiency is still under discussion. According to the Global Initiative for Asthma GINA-2005, magnesium sulfate administration is not recommended for routine treatment, but it is permitted in patients with severe asthma exacerbation not responding to treatment (evidence category A). Recommendations of the British Thoracic Society allow one dose of magnesium sulfate to patients with acute severe asthma exacerbation and inadequate initial response to broncho-dilating inhalation treatment (evidence category A). Future investigations should help to establish the indications for magnesium use in the treatment of acute asthma exacerbations as well as the magnesium dose and the scheme of its administration.
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