Fully differential cross sections are calculated for the ionization of helium by negatively charged fast projectiles using a semiclassical model developed previously for the ionization of atoms by positive projectiles. The method is tested in the case of 1 keV electron and 500 keV antiproton projectiles. The semiclassical results show reasonable agreement with the experiments and other theories. The origin of the obtained structures has been investigated by a partial wave analysis.
The probability of excitation and ionization of the hydrogen atom by short strong laser pulses is calculated by solving numerically the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. The probability of excitation to different states is investigated, which helps to identify the important ionization mechanisms. The ionization probability density was also calculated and a good agreement with the other theoretical results was found.
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