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EN
The presence of lymph node metastases in esophageal cancer is one of the most principle prognostic indicators.The aim of the study was the assessment of cervical and abdominal lymph nodes (N/pN) by ultrasound (US) examination in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus referred to esophagectomy.Material and methods. The analyzed study population consisted of 110 patients who underwent a combined-modality treatment (neoadjuvant chemotherapy - 74 patients or chemoradiotherapy - 36 patients). The results of US lymph node assessment were compared to the results of histopathological evaluation of lymph nodes harvested during surgery and diagnostic value of cervical and abdominal US in terms of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value were determined.Results. The complete metastatic regression was shown by US in 14.3-22.2% of patients depending on the node location and mode of neoadjuwant treatment. There was no significant difference in the assessment of lymph nodes between chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy patients.Conclusions. US investigation is a method recommended for the assessment of metastatic lymph nodes in squamous cell oesophageal carcinoma, especially - for cervical nodes, where its specificity amounted to 96% and sensitivity - 100%. When positive nodes are suggested by US of the neck esophagectomy should be combined with 3-field lymphadenectomy.
EN
Pseudocysts constitute the most basic cystic lesions of the pancreas. Symptomatic cysts may be treated by means of both minimally invasive methods and surgery. Currently, it is believed that approximately 5% of cystic lesions in the pancreas may in fact, be neoplastic cystic tumors. Their presence is manifested by generally irregular multilocular structures, solid nodules inside the cyst or in the pancreatic duct, frequently vascularized, as well as fragmentary thickening of the cystic wall or septation. Aim: The aim of this paper was to present current management, both diagnostic and therapeutic, in patients with pancreatic pseudocysts and cystic tumors. The article has been written based on the material collected and prepared in the author’s Department as well as on the basis of current reports found in the quoted literature. Material and methods, results: In 2000–2012, the Second Department of General, Gastrointestinal and Oncological Surgery of the Alimentary Tract treated 179 patients with cystic lesions in the region of the pancreas. This group comprised 12 cases of cystic tumors and 167 pseudocysts. Twenty-three patients (13.8%) were monitored only and 144 received procedural treatment. Out of the latter group, 75 patients underwent drainage procedures and 48 were qualified to endoscopic cystogastrostomy or cystoduodenostomy. The endoscopic procedure was unsuccessful in 11 cases (23%). In a group of patients with a pancreatic cystic tumor (12 patients), 6 of them (50%) underwent therapeutic resection of the tumor with adequate fragment of the gland. Conclusions: Endoscopic drainage is an effective and safe method of minimally invasive treatment of pancreatic cysts. The patients who do not qualify to endoscopic procedures require surgical treatment. The differentiation of a neoplasm from a typical cyst is of fundamental significance for the selection of the treatment method.
PL
Do podstawowych zmian o typie torbieli trzustki należą torbiele rzekome. Objawowe torbiele można leczyć zarówno z wykorzystaniem technik małoinwazyjnych, jak i chirurgicznie. Obecnie przyjmuje się, że w około 5% torbielowatych zmian w trzustce możemy mieć do czynienia z nowotworowymi guzami torbielowatymi. Za ich obecnością przemawiają struktury wielokomorowe, najczęściej nieregularne, lite guzki we wnętrzu torbieli lub w przewodzie trzustkowym, często unaczynione, oraz odcinkowe pogrubienie ściany torbieli lub przegrody. Cel pracy: Celem niniejszej pracy jest przedstawienie obecnej taktyki postępowania zarówno diagnostycznego, jak i terapeutycznego u chorych z pseudotorbielami oraz torbielowatymi guzami trzustki. Praca została napisana na podstawie materiału zebranego i przygotowanego w Klinice autora oraz współczesnych doniesień z zaprezentowanego piśmiennictwa. Materiał i metoda, wyniki: W latach 2000–2012 w II Klinice Chirurgii Ogólnej, Gastroenterologicznej i Nowotworów Układu Pokarmowego przebywało 179 chorych z torbielowatymi zmianami w obrębie trzustki, w tej grupie stwierdzono 12 przypadków guzów torbielowatych oraz 167 zmian o charakterze rzekomych torbieli – u 23 pacjentów (13,8%) prowadzono jedynie obserwację, pozostałych 144 leczono zabiegowo. U 75 wykonano zabieg drenażowy na drodze operacyjnej, 48 chorych zakwalifikowano do endoskopowej cystogastrostomii lub cystoduodenostomii. Zabieg endoskopowy nie powiódł się u 11 leczonych (23%). W grupie pacjentów z guzem torbielowatym trzustki na 12 badanych u 6 (50%) wykonano leczniczą resekcję guza z odpowiednią częścią narządu. Wnioski: Zabiegi endoskopowego drenażu torbieli trzustki stanowią efektywną i bezpieczną metodę małoinwazyjnego leczenia. Chorzy niezakwalifikowani do zabiegu endoskopowego wymagają leczenia operacyjnego. Odróżnienie nowotworu od typowej torbieli trzustki ma podstawowe znaczenie dla kwalifikacji do sposobu leczenia.
EN
Introduction: Pancreatic pseudocysts are frequent complications after acute and chronic pancreatitis. They are diagnosed in 6–18% of patients with the history of acute pancreatitis and in 20–40% cases with chronic pancreatitis. The aim of the study was to analyse early results of surgical treatment of pancreatic acute and chronic pseudocysts based on our experience. Material and methods: The retrospective analysis was based on early results of surgical treatment of 46 patients aged between 20 and 78 (33 males and 13 females) who underwent treatment of acute (n = 26) and chronic (n = 20) pancreatic pseudocysts from November 2005 to July 2011 at the Second Department of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery and Surgical Oncology of the Alimentary Tract in Lublin. Results: The choice of a surgical method of treatment depended on the size, localisation, thickness of pseudocystic wall and changes in the main pancreatic duct. We used the following surgical methods: cystogastrostomy (Jurasz procedure) was conducted in 22 patients (47.8%), Roux-en-Y cystojejunostomy was performed in 19 cases (41.3%), complete excision of the pseudocyst was possible in two patients (4.3%) and cystoduodenostomy – in one case (2.1%). Also, in single cases external drainage (2.1%) and cystopancreaticojejunostomy of Puestow (2.1%) were applied. Forty-four patients (95.6%) were cured. Early postoperative complications were observed in 2 patients (4.4%). Two reoperations (4.4%) were required. Early postoperative mortality was 0%. Conclusions: Classic internal drainage procedures, known since the 19th century, are still effective methods of treatment in acute and chronic pancreatic pseudocysts.
PL
Wprowadzenie: Torbiele rzekome trzustki stanowią częste powikłania ostrego oraz przewlekłego zapalenia trzustki. Rozpoznawane są u 6–18% pacjentów diagnozowanych z powodu przebytego ostrego zapalenia trzustki oraz u 20–40% diagnozowanych z powodu przewlekłego zapalenia tego narządu. Celem pracy jest retrospektywna analiza wczesnych wyników leczenia chirurgicznego ostrych i przewlekłych torbieli rzekomych trzustki na podstawie własnego materiału. Materiał i metody: Analizę przeprowadzono, opierając się na retrospektywnej ocenie wczesnych wyników leczenia chirurgicznego 46 pacjentów w wieku 20–78 lat (33 mężczyzn oraz 13 kobiet) leczonych z powodu torbieli ostrych (n = 26) oraz torbieli przewlekłych trzustki (n = 20) od listopada 2005 do lipca 2011 roku w II Katedrze i Klinice Chirurgii Ogólnej, Gastroenterologicznej i Nowotworów Układu Pokarmowego w Lublinie. Wyniki: Wybór metody operacyjnej uzależniony był od wielkości, lokalizacji i grubości ściany torbieli oraz obecności zmian w obrębie przewodu Wirsunga. Zastosowano następujące metody leczenia chirurgicznego: cystogastrostomię sposobem Jurasza – u 22 chorych (47,8%), cystojejunostomię sposobem Roux-en-Y – u 19 (41,3%), wyłuszczenie torbieli – u 2 (4,3%), zespolenie torbieli z dwunastnicą – cystoduodenostomię – u 1 pacjenta (2,1%); również w pojedynczych przypadkach wykonano drenaż zewnętrzny (2,1%) oraz pankreatojejunostomię sposobem Puestowa (2,1%). Wyleczenie uzyskano u 44 operowanych (95,6%). Wczesne powikłania pooperacyjne zaobserwowano u 2 chorych (4,4%). Wykonano 2 reoperacje (4,4%). Wczesna śmiertelność pooperacyjna wynosiła 0%. Wnioski: Klasyczne zabiegi drenażu wewnętrznego, znane od XIX wieku, są w dalszym ciągu skutecznymi metodami leczenia ostrych oraz przewlekłych torbieli rzekomych trzustki.
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EN
Intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS) allows confirming and verifying the preoperative diagnosis. In many cases it allows correct determination of the severity of the disease, safe surgery performance and shortening its duration. Proper assessment of anatomic structures during the surgery and evaluation of the operating field after the treatment termination, in combination with their ultrasound evaluation that permits more complete assessment of radical treatment. The aim of the study was to define current indications for the use of intraoperative ultrasound in the treatment of pancreatic lesions, based on our own experience and the cited literature. Material and methods. The Clinic, where the authors work, uses intraoperative ultrasound in everyday practice. In this paper we try to share our experience in this imaging technique. Studies were compared before the procedure both in the ultrasound and CT examination rooms with the images obtained intraoperatively. Intraoperative examination was performed by the surgeon who performed assessment before the procedure, what enabled verification of diagnoses. Presented material refers to 102 IOUS procedures performed during laparotomy due to pancreatic lesions. Results and conclusions. IOUS is a reliable test for the evaluation of both inflammatory and acute lesions in the pancreas during the surgery of chronic, symptomatic pancreatitis. It correctly determines the extent of the planned surgery. In the case of pancreatic cancer it verifies local severity of the tumour lesions, assessing involving of the peripancreatic vessels, lymph nodes and the presence of local and distant metastases, including those in the liver. IOUS proved highly effective in the evaluation of endocrine and cystic pancreatic tumours. The study significantly improves the effectiveness of intraoperative BAC and aspiration or drainage of fluid reservoirs
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Limitations of Clinical Trials in Surgery

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vol. 85
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issue 1
47-52
EN
Surgical removal of the gallbladder is indicated in nearly all cases of complicated acute cholecystitis. In the 1990s, laparoscopic cholecystectomy became the method of choice in the treatment of cholecystolithiasis. Due to a large inflammatory reaction in the course of acute inflammation, a laparoscopic procedure is conducted in technically difficult conditions and entails the risk of complications. The aim of this paper was: 1) to analyze ultrasound images in acute cholecystitis; 2) to specify the most common causes of conversion from the laparoscopic method to open laparotomy; 3) to determine the degree to which the necessity for such a conversion may be predicted with the help of ultrasound examinations. Material and methods: In 1993–2011, in the Second Department and Clinic of General, Gastroenterological and Oncological Surgery of the Medical University in Lublin, 5,596 cholecystectomies were performed including 4,105 laparoscopic procedures that constituted 73.4% of all cholecystectomies. Five hundred and forty-two patients (13.2%) were qualified for laparoscopic procedure despite manifesting typical symptoms of acute cholecystitis in ultrasound examination, which comprise: thickening of the gallbladder wall of > 3 mm, inflammatory infiltration in the Calot’s triangle region, gallbladder filled with stagnated or purulent contents and mural or intramural effusion. Results: In the group of operated patients, the conversion was necessary in 130 patients, i.e. in 24% of cases in comparison with 3.8% of patients with uncomplicated cholecystolithiasis (without the signs of inflammation). The conversion most frequently occurred when the assessment of the anatomical structures of the Calot’s triangle was rendered more difficult due to local inflammatory process, mural effusion and thickening of the gallbladder wall of >5 mm. The remaining changes occurred more rarely. Conclusions: Based on imaging scans, the most common causes of conversion included inflammatory infiltration in the Calot’s triangle region, mural effusion and wall thickening to > 5 mm. The classical cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis should be performed in patients with three major local complications detected on ultrasound examination and in those, who manifest acute clinical symptoms.
PL
Operacyjne usunięcie pęcherzyka żółciowego jest wskazane praktycznie we wszystkich przypadkach powikłanego, ostrego zapalenia pęcherzyka żółciowego. W latach dziewięćdziesiątych metodą z wyboru w leczeniu objawowej kamicy pęcherzyka żółciowego stała się cholecystektomia laparoskopowa. Z uwagi na duży odczyn zapalny w przebiegu ostrego stanu zapalnego zabieg laparoskopowy jest przeprowadzany w trudnych technicznie warunkach i wiąże się z ryzykiem wystąpienia powikłań. Celem pracy były: 1) analiza obrazów ultrasonograficznych przypadków ostrego zapalenia pęcherzyka żółciowego; 2) ustalenie najczęstszych przyczyn konwersji z metody laparoskopowej do otwartej laparotomii; 3) określenie, w jakim stopniu za pomocą badania ultrasonograficznego można przewidzieć potrzebę konwersji. Materiał i metoda: W latach 1993–2011 w II Klinice i Katedrze Chirurgii Ogólnej, Gastroenterologicznej i Nowotworów Układu Pokarmowego UM w Lublinie wykonano 5596 cholecystektomii, w tym 4105 zabiegów laparoskopowych, co stanowiło 73,4% wszystkich przeprowadzonych cholecystektomii. Pomimo typowych objawów ostrego zapalenia pęcherzyka w badaniu ultrasonograficznym, do których zaliczamy pogrubienie ściany pęcherzyka > 3 mm, naciek zapalny okolicy trójkąta Calota, wypełnienie pęcherzyka treścią zastoinową lub ropną, wysięk śródścienny lub przyścienny, 542 chorych (13,2%) zakwalifikowano do leczenia metodą laparoskopową. Wyniki: W grupie pacjentów operowanych konwersja była konieczna u 130 osób – w 24% przypadków w porównaniu z 3,8% chorych z niepowikłaną kamicą pęcherzyka żółciowego (bez cech zapalnych). Konwersji dokonywano najczęściej w przypadkach utrudnionej oceny struktur anatomicznych trójkąta Calota, wynikającej z miejscowego stanu zapalnego, wysięku przyściennego oraz pogrubienia ściany >5 mm. Pozostałe zmiany występowały rzadziej. Wnioski: Do najczęstszych przyczyn konwersji w badaniach obrazowych należały: zapalny naciek okolicy trójkąta Calota, wysięk przyścienny i pogrubienie ściany > 5 mm. Do cholecystektomii klasycznej w ostrym zapaleniu pęcherzyka żółciowego powinni być kwalifikowani pacjenci, u których w badaniu ultrasonograficznym stwierdza się trzy główne powikłania miejscowe oraz u których występują ostre objawy kliniczne.
EN
Both acute and chronic inflammation of the pancreas often lead to complications that nowadays can be resolved using endoscopic and surgical procedures. In many cases, intraoperative ultrasound examination (IOUS) enables correct assessment of the extent of the lesion, and allows for safe surgery, while also shortening its length. Aim of the research: At the authors' clinic, intraoperative ultrasound is performed in daily practice. In this paper, we try to share our experiences in the application of this particular imaging technique. Research sample and methodology: Intraoperative examination conducted by a surgeon who has assessed the patient prior to surgery, which enabled the surgeon to verify the initial diagnosis. The material presented in this paper includes 145 IOUS procedures performed during laparotomy due to lesions of the pancreas, 57 of which were carried out in cases of inflammatory process. Results and conclusions: IOUS is a reliable examination tool in the evaluation of acute inflammatory lesions in the pancreas, especially during the surgery of chronic, symptomatic inflammation of the organ. The procedure allows for a correct determination of the necessary scope of the planned surgery. The examination allows for the differentiation between cystic lesions and tumors of cystic nature, dictates the correct strategy for draining, as well as validates the indications for the lesion's surgical removal. IOUS also allows the estimation of place and scope of drainage procedures in cases of overpressure in the pancreatic ducts caused by calcification of the parenchyma or choledocholitiasis in chronic pancreatitis. In pancreatic cancer, IOUS provides a verification of the local extent of tumor-like lesions, allowing for the assessment of pancreatic and lymph nodes metastasis, and indicating the presence of distant and local metastases, including the liver. IOUS significantly improves the effectiveness of intraoperative BAC aspiration or drainage of fluid reservoirs.
PL
Zarówno ostre, jak i przewlekłe stany zapalne trzustki prowadzą często do powstania powikłań, które współcześnie rozwiązuje się na drodze zabiegów endoskopowych oraz operacyjnych. Śródoperacyjna ultrasonografia (IOUS) w wielu przypadkach umożliwia prawidłowe określenie rozległości zmian chorobowych, pozwala na bezpieczne przeprowadzenie zabiegu operacyjnego oraz skrócenie czasu jego trwania. Cel: W klinice, w której pracują autorzy, śródoperacyjne badanie ultrasonograficzne jest wykonywane w codziennej praktyce. W niniejszej pracy pragniemy podzielić się własnymi doświadczeniami w zastosowaniu tej techniki obrazowania. Materiał i metody: Badania śródoperacyjne przeprowadzane były przez chirurga, który dokonywał oceny przed zabiegiem, co pozwoliło na weryfikację rozpoznań. Przytoczony materiał dotyczy 145 procedur IOUS wykonywanych podczas laparotomii z powodu zmian chorobowych trzustki, w tym 57 zastosowanych w przypadku procesu zapalnego. Wyniki i wnioski: IOUS jest wiarygodnym badaniem w ocenie ostrych zmian zapalnych w trzustce, głównie w trakcie operacji przewlekłego, objawowego zapalenia tego narządu. Prawidłowo wyznacza zakres planowanej operacji. Badanie różnicuje zmiany torbielowate, guzy o torbielowatym charakterze, określa prawidłowy sposób drenażu lub weryfikuje wskazania do wycięcia zmiany chorobowej. Ocenia miejsce i zakres operacji drenażowych w przypadku nadciśnienia w drogach trzustkowych spowodowanego zwapnieniami miąższu lub kamicą przewodową w przebiegu przewlekłego zapalenia trzustki. W raku trzustki – weryfikuje stan miejscowego zaawansowania zmian guzowatych, pozwala na ocenę zajęcia naczyń okołotrzustkowych, węzłów chłonnych oraz wykazuje obecność przerzutów miejscowych i odległych, w tym w obrębie wątroby. IOUS znacznie poprawia skuteczność śródoperacyjnej BACC oraz aspiracji lub drenażu zbiorników płynowych.
EN
Aim: The goal of the paper was to evaluate the procedure of percutaneous drainage of symptomatic hepatic cysts under the transabdominal ultrasound control combined with obliteration. Material and method: Within the period from 2005 to 2015, 70 patients diagnosed with a simple hepatic cyst of symptomatic nature were subject to hospitalization and treated at the 2nd General, Gastroenterological and Cancer Surgery of the Alimentary System Center and Clinics of the Medical University of Lublin. All the patients subject to evaluation were qualified to percutaneous drainage under an ultrasound control. The drainage utilized typical sets of drains with the diameter of at least 9 F, most often of pigtail type. The fluid aspirated form the cyst was dispatched for complex laboratory testing. Further, a 10% sodium chloride solution was administered to the cyst through the drain, in the volume depending on the previous size of the cyst and the patient’s reaction. Results: Patients reported for a re-visit within the period from 3 to 9 months following the procedure. Complete obliteration of the cyst was confirmed only in 8 patients (11%). Cyst recurrence was reported in cases when during the ultrasound evaluation, the diameter of the cyst following aspiration and obliteration enlarged to over 75% of the initial dimension. In this group, in 10 out of 12 examined (83%) there was a relapse of the previously observed ailments. Among patients, who has a cyst imaged within the period of observation, which had the diameter from 50% to 75% of the previous size, only in 6 cases (37.5%) the initial symptoms relapsed. Conclusions: The utilization of a drainage and obliteration enables one to achieve the acceptable result of the therapy as well as significant decrease in the number of previously reported ailments and symptoms described.
PL
Cel pracy: Celem niniejszej pracy była ocena procedury przezskórnego drenażu objawowych torbieli wątroby pod kontrolą ultrasonografii przezbrzusznej w powiązaniu z obliteracją. Materiał i metoda: W okresie od 2005 do 2015 roku 70 pacjentów z rozpoznaniem prostej torbieli wątroby o objawowym charakterze było hospitalizowanych i leczonych w II Klinice Chirurgii Ogólnej, Gastroenterologicznej i Nowotworów Układu Pokarmowego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Lublinie. Wszystkich ocenianych pacjentów tyzakwalifikowano do drenażu przezskórnego pod kontrolą USG. Do drenażu wykorzystywano typowe zestawy drenów o średnicy co najmniej 9 F, najczęściej typu pigtail, czyli „świński ogonek”. Aspirowany płyn z torbieli był wysyłany do kompleksowego badania laboratoryjnego. W dalszej kolejności poprzez założony dren podawano do jamy torbieli 10-procentowy roztwór chlorku sodu w objętości zależnej od wcześniejszej wielkości torbieli oraz od reakcji pacjenta. Wyniki: Pacjenci zgłaszali się na kontrolę w okresie od 3 do 9 miesięcy po zabiegu. Całkowite zarośnięcie jamy torbieli potwierdzono jedynie u 8 leczonych (11%). Za nawrót torbieli uznano przypadki, gdy w ocenie ultrasonograficznej średnica torbieli po aspiracji i obliteracji powiększyła się do ponad 75% początkowego wymiaru. W tej grupie u 10 z 12 badanych (83%) doszło do nawrotu wcześniej stwierdzanych dolegliwości. U pacjentów, u których w okresie obserwacji zobrazowano torbiel o średnicy od 50% do 75% wcześniejszej wielkości, tylko w 6 przypadkach (37,5%) ponowiły się pierwotne objawy. Wnioski: Zastosowanie drenażu oraz obliteracji pozwala na osiągnięcie akceptowalnego wyniku terapii, a także znacznego spadku wcześniej zgłaszanych dolegliwości i opisywanych objawów.
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What’s new about symptomatic reflux disease

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EN
During the last 4 decades reflux disease (GERD) has evolved from being a rare clinical problem to a disease with high incidence. This automatically rises its social costs. First descriptions came from western countries only but nowadays there are many published papers from Asia and Middle East that can be found on the Internet. There is no clear explanation for this fact. Our understanding of GERD has changed over the time. At first GERD, hiatal hernia and oesophagitis were synonyms. Since the 1940s when the first manometrical studies were done it was concerned as lower oesophageal sphincter or peristaltic disfunction. The following years gave a definition of acid-peptic disorder. Nowadays all this concepts are mixed together and we are considering GERD as a heterogeneous clinical problem. In this paper we would like to present up-to-date knowledge about GERD.
EN
The technique of 24-hour esophageal multichannel intraluminal impedance monitoring combined with pH-metry (MII-pH) is currently considered to be the golden standard in the diagnostics of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The technique allows for differentiation of gas and liquid reflux as well as detection of non-acid reflux, which cannot be detected with other techniques that are based only on measuring the pH of gastric contents.The aim of the study was to assess the usefulness of MII-pH in the diagnostics and treatment of GERD and its complications.Material and methods. A group of 213 patients referred to II Katedra i Klinika Chirurgii Ogólnej, Gastroenterologicznej i Nowotworów Układu Pokarmowego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Lublinie [the Second Faculty and Clinic of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery and Gastrointestinal Oncology at Medical University of Lublin] due to persistent symptoms of GERD and 21 volunteers without any clinical evidence of GERD underwent esophageal monitoring via MII-pH. The results were correlated with those of upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy. The data gathered during MII-pH and endoscopy as well as information from questionnaires were entered into an MS Excel spreadsheet and subsequently analyzed with STATISTICA PL software.Results and conclusions. MII-pH proved to be considerably more useful than conventional pHmetry in recording acid reflux. The sensitivity of pH-metry based on the MII-pH technique was established at 74%. GERD-induced changes in the esophageal mucosa result in decreased impedance baseline. The presence and severity of inflammatory esophageal lesions was proven to be associated with acid reflux episodes and proximal reflux episodes. No direct relationship between the grade of GERD and the occurrence of non-acid reflux episodes was confirmed. Non-acid reflux episodes were shown to predispose to non-erosive reflux disease (NERD). The results of this study confirm that MIIpH is an essential technique in the diagnostics, as well as in assessment of the course of treatment and the severity of GERD.
EN
Adenocarcinoma is the most frequent pathology diagnosed in patients with pancreatic mass lesions, and it must be differentiated into benign and inflammatory tumors.The aim of the study was to define the efficacy of ultrasound, computed tomography (US/CT) and fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) in the assessment of pancreatic mass lesions.Material and methods. The study population comprised 150 consecutive patients with heterogeneous pancreatic mass lesions treated at our department between 1999 and 2004. Imaging examinations with US/CT and FNAB were carried out in all the patients. The final nature of the tumor was established based on histopathology in patients who underwent surgery or based on the follow-up course in patients who were not referred to surgical exploration. The sensitivity and specificity of US/CT and FNAB were calculated by comparing the clinical diagnosis resulting from US/CT interpretation and FNAB results obtained before treatment with the final diagnosis.Results. FNAB appeared to be a safe and relatively simple procedure with no remarkable complications. Malignant tumors were finally diagnosed in 99 (66%), and benign were finally diagnosed tumors in 51 (34%) patients. The sensitivity and specificity were calculated to be 90% and 77.3% for US/CT and 86.9% and 100% for FNAB, respectively.Conclusions. The imaging examination with US/CT is a relatively reliable method for the differential diagnosis of pancreatic mass lesions. A positive FNAB has still remained the most accurate diagnostic method.
EN
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) constitutes a significant health problem in societies of high socioeconomic status. The notion of quality of life is broader than the definition of health and encompasses two aspects: the subjective and objective one. The tools used for the evaluation of quality of life are questionnaires.The aim of the study was the evaluation of the original quality of life questionnaire in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease treated for 4 weeks with a single dose of omeprazole at 20 mg daily.Material and methods. The original quality of life questionnaire was formulated based on the Likert method. Four time levels of complaint persistence were introduced. The patients were asked 10 questions with earlier prepared answers marked by the respondents. Each of the questions corresponded to a certain time level of complaint persistence. The data obtained from the questionnaires were subject to statistical analysis. The studies were conducted on a group of 10,623 patients. Adequate methods were used in the statistical analysis of data from obtained answers. The significance threshold for each of the studies was p < 0.01, which means that the obtained conclusions are true with the probability of at least 99%. The majority of statistical calculations were performed with the use of STATISTICA 7.0 and Excel software.Results. Improvement of quality of life was found in all the studied aspects: physical (questions 1, 3, 4, 5, 7), functional (question 6), emotional (questions 2, 10) and social (questions 8, 9). No correlation with age or gender was found. The analysis of test correctness was conducted, revealing reliability, validity, sensitivity, appropriateness and practicality of the questionnaire.Conclusions. 1. The original quality of life questionnaire meets the requirements for the tools evaluating quality of life in gastroesophageal reflux disease. 2. The usefulness of questionnaire was confirmed in a group of 10,623 patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease in the Polish population. 3. The questionnaire equals the international tests, while its advantages are the ease of completion and high level of perception.
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Two molecules - vascular endothelial growth factor involved in new vessels formation and survivin - antiapoptotic protein, reported to be associated with worse prognosis in various malignancies have been chosen for the study. Both are potential target for novel therapiesThe aim of the study was to determine the immunostaining of VEGF and survivin in gastric carcinoma and to analyse their relationship to the selected clinicopathological features and survival.Material and methods. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections from 41 gastric adenocarcinomas were used for immunohistochemical reaction with monoclonal antibodies against vascular endothelial growth factor and survivin. The results were compared with selected clinicopathological features and survival.Results. Positive immunohistochemical reaction for vascular endothelial growth factor and survivin was revealed in 24 (58,53%) and 30 (73,17%), gastric carcinomas respectively. Vascular endothelial growth factor-negative gastric carcinomas were significantly more common in cases without metastases to regional lymph nodes and distant organs and in less advanced cases. Similar, distant metastases were also statistically less common in survivin-negative carcinomas. The differences in immunohistochemical reactions for survivin between less and more advanced cases almost reach statistical significance. The only factors significantly influenced 1, 2 and 3-year survival were vascular endothelial growth factor and survivin status. Statistically significant higher percentage of survival was noted in patients with vascular endothelial growth factor- and survivin-negative tumors.Conclusions. It seems that vascular endothelial growth factor and survivin play role in local invasion and spread of gastric adenocarcinoma and negatively influences survival. However, further studies are required to assess their true usefulness in the clinical practice.
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Colorectal cancer constitutes 10% of all malignant neoplasms and is the fourth most common cancer in men and the third most common cancer in women, worldwide (second most common in Poland). Unfortunately, despite large scale screening programs, changes in diet and lifestyle, colorectal cancer incidence rates for both male and female patients has increased.The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of preoperative radiotherapy (RTH) on the survival and local recurrence rate of patients with rectal cancer, subject to surgical treatment with postoperative (adjuvant) chemotherapy (CTH).Material and methods. The study group comprised 132 patients, including 53 females and 79 males. Patients were divided into the following groups: I - 70 patients treated by means of preoperative radiotherapy, II - 62 patients treated by means of surgery alone. Patients qualified to radiotherapy were diagnosed with stage B (39 patients) and stage C (31 patients) cancer, according to Duke's classification (CT).The patients received 5 Gy each day for a period of 5 days (25 Gy altogether), and underwent surgery. Postoperative pathomorphology demonstrated the following: group I comprised 39 patients with stage B and 31 patients with stage C cancer, whereas group II comprised 34 and 28 patients, respectively. Patients with stage B and C (both groups) received postoperative chemotheraphy - six courses of 5-FU 435 mg/kg/d with leucovorin 20 mg/m2.Results. Kaplan-Meier's survival analysis was applied in each group, according to the following: grade of tumor (pT), lymph node involvement (pN, pN "+",pN "-"), type of surgical resection, stage of cancer, administration of radiotherapy, and presence of local recurrence. Result analysis point to the existing correlation between radiotherapy and the five-year survival rate (p=0.031), and local recurrence (stage B: p=0.1; stage C: p=0.049).Conclusions. Preoperative radiotherapy, considering prospective studies and our own study render hope for better prospects of treating rectal carcinoma in the future, and better 5-year survival rates. Analysis of the five-year survival rates, local recurrences, and distant complications confirmed the effectiveness and safety of preoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of rectal cancer, considering B and C patients.
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Dendritic cells are heterogeneous population of the leukocytes and most potent APC in activation of naive T lymphocytes. Therefore the DCs generated in vitro are under research for their application in anti-tumor immunotherapy. The aim of the study was generation of the immature dendritic cells from peripheral blood monocytes collected from colorectal cancer patients and comparison of their ability to endocytosis, cytokine production and immunophenotype to DCs generated from healthy donors. Material and methods. 16 adenocarcinoma stage II patients were included in the study. Dendritic cells were generated in the presence of rhGM-CSF and IL-4. PBMC were isolated from the blood of patients and 16 healthy donors - control group. Immunophenotype, ability of endocytosis of Dextran- FITC as well as intracellular IL-12 expression of the generated dendritic cells was measured using flow cytometry. The cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, IFN-γ) concentration in the supernatants of DCs culture was measured by ELISA. Results. The percentage of the immature dendritic cells and expression of CD206 and CD209 antigens was significantly higher in patients group (p <0.05 and p <0.001 respectively). Significantly (p <0.001) higher expression of the antigens which initiate the Th2 immune response (CD80-/CD86 + and B7-H2 + / CD209 +) was in the patients group. There were no differences in endocytosis ability and the cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, IFN-γ) concentration between investigated groups. Conclusions. High immature markers expression on the generated dendritic cells together with identical endocytosis ability in patients group is advantageous in antitumor autologous cells immunotherapy planning. However there is one troubling fact - high expression of markers, which may induce tolerance to particular antigen. It seems to be more reasonable to use the autologous DCs in the antitumor immunotherapy, especially due to the incompatibility in allogenic cells in the context of HLA complex.
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Acute pancreatitis is a severe clinical conditio that causes significant mortality in patients. Since we do not have at the moment effective causal treatment research on the use of pro tease inhibitors can produce tangible benefits. In view of the growing number of cases and high mortality in severe AP with one hand, and the lack of a usal treatment research efforts undertaken to search for effective drugs for this disease seem to have deep reasons. Aim of the study was to determine the histopathological changes in the pancreas in the treatment of acute pancreatitis with Ulinastatin. Material and methods. The study was conducted in male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 grams. 150 individuals were used for the experiment, 60 of them were treated with Ulinastatin. Experimental acute pancreatitis was induced by the model proposed by Aho and Henckel using sodium taurocholate. Ulinastatin dose numer depended on the duration of the experiment. For histopathological examination pancreatic fragments weighing approximately 1 g each were taken. Assessment and documentation of histopathological preparations were made by light microscopy. Results. Evaluation of the histological preparations of various time groups showed significantly improved results after application of Ulinastatin, depending on the duration of the inflammation and the number of doses of the drug. Conclusions. Application for the treatment of UTI leads to inhibition of the inflammatory process at the stage of pancreatic edema and in cases of severe necrotizing course limits the progression of the disease which gives grounds for its clinical use in humans.
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