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Przestrzenne zróżnicowanie opadów atmosferycznych na obszarze Łodzi

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Bartnik A., Marcinkowski M., Katedra Hydrologii i Gospodarki Wodnej W. N. G., InfoSys BPO Poland Ł.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Physica

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2015

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vol. 14

PL

Opracowanie jest próbą ustalenia przestrzennej zmienności opadów atmosferycznych na obszarze Łodzi, w jej granicach administracyjnych, a równocześnie częścią większego projektu zmierzającego do opracowania zintegrowanego modelu odpływu rzecznego w warunkach silnej antropopresji. Do realizacji tego zadania, posłużono się danymi zarejestrowanymi w latach 2010–2012 przez różne instytucje działające w obrębie aglomeracji (rys. 1). Pozyskane szeregi cechowała jednak nieciągłość oraz istnienie błędów o różnej genezie i o różnym charakterze. Dlatego pierwszym zadaniem było wykrycie i uzupełnienie braków pomiarów lub ich poprawienie. Ostatecznym celem prezentowanego opracowania było uzyskanie sekwencji map obrazujących przestrzenne zróżnicowanie opadów w poszczególnych latach trzylecia 2010–2012 oraz ich średnich sum rocznych w tym okresie, co ma pozwolić na określenie przestrzennej zmienności dostawy wody do powierzchni terenu. Efektem była sekwencja map przedstawiających przestrzenne zróżnicowanie opadów atmosferycznych na obszarze miasta w poszczególnych latach okresu (rys. 3), średnich sum opadów (rys. 4), maksymalnych dobowych sum opadów (rys. 5), maksymalnych godzinowych sum opadów (rys. 6) oraz liczby dni z opadem >0,1 mm (rys. 7) w badanym okresie.

EN

This study is an attempt to determine the spatial variability of precipitation in the city of Lodz, within its administrative boundaries, and it’s a part of the larger project, which aims to develop an integrated river outflow model under a strong anthropopressure. Therefore, the hydrologic year was taken (from November 1 to October 31). To accomplish this task, the data recorded in 2010–2012 by various institutions operating within the agglomeration were used (fig. 1). Data strings from 24 rain gauges were used. However, the obtained sequences were characterized by discontinuity and the existence of various origin errors and different character. Therefore, the first task was to detect and fill the measurement gaps or to correct them. The ultimate aim of the present study was to obtain a cartographic representation of the spatial variability of precipitation in each year of the period 2010–2012 (fig. 3) and their average annual throughout this period (fig. 4), which made it possible to determine the spatial variability of water flow to the surface. Figs. 5 and 6 represent respectively the maximum daily rainfall and maximum hourly rainfall recorded in the investigated three-year period. Fig. 7 shows the average annual number of days with precipitation in the city area. Despite the very dense measurement network (which continues to be expanded) and a very high resolution of data, it was a difficult task, which required multi-step preparation and verification procedures. Data strings were incomplete or affected by errors of various kinds. One must therefore be aware of the imperfections of data collected automatically. Studies on spatial distribution of precipitation, their duration and intensity can be used to understand the causes and learn the scope of urban flooding. Creation of storm sewers control system which reacts in real-time to readings of automatic stations will avoid future losses related to sudden urban floods.

2

Źródła zlewni Bystrzycy Dusznickiej

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Bartnik A., Walisch M., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. N. G.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Physica

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1997

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vol. 2

EN

This article is an attempt of a presentation concerning the springs of the upper part of the Bystrzyca Dusznicka drainage basin against a background of the tectonic structure and geology. All the measurements and mapping of the surface hydrolographical objects were carried out in July 1993. The most important tectonic element of the researched area, which determines the spatial layout and the features of the springs, seems to be the Zieleniec overthrust consisting of the folded Proterozoik mica slates. The lower edge of its overthrust is at a height of 800 m. The rest of the drainage basin is formed of upper Cretaceous sediments dipping in the inner-Sudeten syncline. Later alpine deformations modified the geological structure of this area. The faults formed in such a way as to form 2 systems of crackings: the parallelone and slanted one running NW to SE. The Bystrzyca Dusznicka valley which runs alongside the axis of the drainage basin shows the water-gap character. In the researched area the authors observed either subsurface water in the mantle rocks, or fissure water circulating in the deeper metamorphic rocks. The upper Cretaceous porous sandstones form the most capacious underground water basin. Each water-bearing underground water horizon is separated with marly rocks. From among springs of the researched area three basic types of them were distinguished: fissure, fissure-mantle and mantle springs. Five big fissure springs ranged between 18 and 36 dm3• S-l form the source of the Bystrzyca Dusznicka river. In the drainage basin area over 100 outflows were recorded of which more than 20 were classified as spring sappings. The springs with the biggest average yield equal 2,5 dm3• S-I found in the escarpment zone of the mentioned above overthrust; whereas alongside the eastern undercut there are many small springs and spring sappings of the valley and channel character. Value of the correlation coefficient between spring water temperature and its altitude is equal to r =-0,62. It testifies to the evident inversely proportional relationship between these factors. In the upper parts of the basin fissure springs dominate whereas in the lower parts - hotter mantle ones do. At the height-interval of 700-900 m there are either mantle springs or fissure ones. The conclusions which flow from this article prove the thesis that in the mountainous areas the following factors determine the regime and localization of springs: tectonics, geology and relief of the researched area.

PL

Opracowanie niniejsze jest próbą prezentacji źródeł zlewni górnej Bystrzycy Dusznickiej na tle budowy geologicznej i tektoniki obszaru. W opracowaniu zwrócono szczególną uwagę na termikę wód źródlanych i związek występowania obszarów źródliskowych z budową geologiczną zlewni.

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Charakterystyka sieci rzecznej małej zlewni położonej w strefie krawędziowej Wyżyny Łódzkiej

100%

Bartnik A., Tomaszewski E., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. B. i. N. o. Z.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Physica

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2000

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vol. 5

EN

The hydrographical network is a phenomenon under constant time and space changes. These ch_anges have seasonal and multi-annual character. The dynamics of this phenomenon needs estimation not only of the network itself but also of the water moving in it. This problem becomes particularly important in the case of the areas located near urban grounds which are under intense anthropopression. It is possible then to conclude of progressive influence of human activities after recognizing of the natural factors forming hydrographical network. The Dzierżązna drainage basin was explored up to the Swoboda closing profile (42,9 km2). It is located in the northern Łódź Upland part and is drained by the Moszczenica river system (fig. l). The southern boundary of the basin is determined by the urban Zgierz suburbs. Exactly this place in Malinka, there are springs of Dzierżązna river. Hydrographical network explorations were carried out basing on the topographic map in the scale 1:25 000. Thus the obtained data were updated and verified in the field in July 1998. Analysis of the river network parameters was carried out in the capacity of a drainage density (Wilgat's and Neumann's method) and a degree of an orderly arrangement (verification of the Horton's theory after the Strahler's classification) - fig. 2, 4, tab. l, 2. The authors also made detailed estimation of each stream: a river long fall, sinuosity and development (fig. 3, tab. l). Estimation also concerns time in which water running the channels reaches the closing profile and concerns the discharge rate as well. Their space layout is represented on the maps - fig. 5, 6. In the final stage of the study the authors tried to evaluate the running water resources basing on the resources momentum measure. Thanks to using the mentioned above procedure it was possible to take account the dynamics of the resource processes, because physical unit of the presented measure is (m^4 x S^-l) They also estimated degree of concentration of the resources in the river system (fig. 7, 8).

PL

Artykuł zawiera charakterystykę sieci hydrograficznej zlewni Dzierżąznej - po wodowskaz w Swobodzie. Ocenie poddano parametry sieci, czas dobiegu wody korytami do profilu zamykającego, jak również wielkości przepływów. Określono także zasoby wód płynących i ich koncentrację na podstawie miary pędu zasobów.

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3 Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Physica

1 2015

1 2000

1 1997

3 Bartnik A.

1 InfoSys BPO Poland Ł.

1 Katedra Hydrologii i Gospodarki Wodnej W. N. G.

1 Marcinkowski M.

1 Tomaszewski E.

1 Uniwersytet Łódzki W. B. i. N. o. Z.

1 Uniwersytet Łódzki W. N. G.

1 Walisch M.

Przestrzenne zróżnicowanie opadów atmosferycznych na obszarze Łodzi

Źródła zlewni Bystrzycy Dusznickiej

Charakterystyka sieci rzecznej małej zlewni położonej w strefie krawędziowej Wyżyny Łódzkiej