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The Rule for Evolution of Cooperation in Quantum Games

100%
Sun Z.
Acta Physica Polonica A
|
2009
|
vol. 116
|
issue 2
135-140
EN
Cooperation is essential to biological organizations and human society. In this paper, the conditions of dilemmas resolving by quantum strategies in the three games, Prisoners' Dilemma, Chicken Game and Stag Hunt, are presented. The rule for the evolution of cooperation in general quantum games, b/c > coth^{2}γ, is put forward. The formation of the rule is similar to those of the five rules in the classical game theory summarized by Nowak. b/c is still the benefit-to-cost ratio of the altruistic act, while γ is a measure for the game's entanglement. The rule is the prerequisite for the realization of cooperation in quantum games.
2

Mechanisms regulating the development and function of natural regulatory T cells

51%
Gupta S., Shang W., Sun Z.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
|
2008
|
vol. 56
|
issue 2
85-102
EN
The key of the immune system is to protect the host from foreign threat posed by pathogens and from the internal threat posed by self-attacking lymphocytes. The ability to discriminate self versus non-self ensures that only 'non-self' pathogens, but not the self antigens, are attacked. Such tolerance to 'self' arises from the central tolerance mechanisms that include the deletion of thymocytes with high reactivity to self antigens and also the induction of unresponsiveness of autoreactive T cells in the periphery. Natural regulatory T cells (nTregs) directly inhibit effector T cells, and keep their proliferation in control. Apart from preventing autoimmune reactions, Tregs also contribute to peripheral immune homeostasis as evidenced by the excessive lymphocyte accumulation in peripheral lymphoid organs and intestinal inflammation in the absence of nTregs. Here we discuss the molecular aspects of the development and suppressive function of naturally occurring Tregs. Accumulating evidence shows the importance of these Tregs in autoimmunity, tumor immunity, organ transplantation, allergy, and microbial immunity.
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